What is meant by the term gothic Essay Example for Free

What is meant by the term gothic Essay gothic literature, which is sometimes referred to as medieval plague, is a genre that links detestation and romance into iodine tale of transgressing the boundaries. Gothicism was unheard of until the late 1700s, this movement into a new genre of literature. This was pioneered by the English author Horace Walpole, in his famous fictional book The Castle of Otranto, or as Walpole alternatively titled it a Gothic story.Horace Walpole himself had transgressed the boundaries approximately by introducing this new style of pen he had added a whole new genre into literature. Walpoles style of writing was unique and captivated the subscribers soul and imagination to let he or she share the act of transgression, or as Robert Kidd, a renowned critic put it, The Gothic has somehow seduced the lecturer so that he or she is complicit in engaging in whatever he or she might encounter. This is what kept Gothicism alive, the authors aptitude to i ntrigue the subscriber and give them a thirst to read more gothic literature.The term Gothic has been viewed as very different things over time. Gothicism came roughly at a very tumultuous time, after the fall of the Roman Empire, a time of raw and uncontrolled exercise of physical power. The Goths were a gaga tribe of murderers, rapists and thieves, later the term was known as Medieval. Nowadays the term Gothic is viewed very differently by modern society, when thought almost now, one thinks of it as horror. It is in rock bands, the theatre, but mainly in the modern film industry. Gothicism has become somewhat of an obsession to modern film producers and leadership film companies in recent years. This acceleration of Gothic themed films started in 1922 with the film Nosferatu this was then followed by Rebecca in 1940.And the list act ups, Sleepy Hollow (1999), Corpse Bride (2005), Sweeney Todd (2007), and one of the more modern examples, the newer version of The Woman in Blac k (2012). This just highlights the extent of interest in modern society about modern Gothicism. The specimen thought of somebody, when they are posed with the question What do you understand about the term Gothic? would most likely be fairly predict open. The scene would be set in the heart of a dark, wet forest away from any normal civilisation.The building would be a dark and rundown venerable mansion in a large empty clearing with large emptyrooms and halls. Gargoyles would be clinging to the exterior of the building, and a decrepit, collapsed roof leaking and dripping in the driving rain. When the innocent traveller knocks on the door hoping to gain refuge and shelter from the storm, he is greeted by an emaciated, gangly butler who invites them in, as they fail to visor the menacing grin as they enter the dark, badly lit and claustrophobic corridor. The scene created is one of fear and horror which is typical of Gothicism. All these features are motifs in Gothic literature. T hese tools are what all authors of Gothic literature use without exception. This is for the simple reason that these tools are what keep the genre of Gothic literature alive.The author uses the readers natural, urge for adrenalin boost and thrill, through suspense and mystery to make the book successful. In almost every Gothic textbook, the reader is in a position of dramatic irony where he or she can see everything happening and unfolding, without the ability to stop it. Another one of the main reasons, as to why Gothic Literature is such a success is because Gothic texts allow the reader to think the unthinkable, and to sublimate their innermost desires, psyche and their wildest imaginations. The reader is able to satisfy his or hers innermost desires through the pages of the book.The reader finds refuge through Gothic text. This is no exception with the authors. The author to a fault wants to satisfy their imagination by creatively and articulately channelling their thoughts int o a work of art. Robert Kidd writes in his Transgressing the Boundaries article, The power and passion of Gothic Literature seemed eminently suited to the iconoclasts who wished to challenge the status quo. There were some(prenominal) famous writers like this, for example, Horace Walpole, Lewis, Godwin and of course Mary Shelley. The authors and readers of Gothic Literature share a very special connection. Both sides gain from books and share the same feelings as one writes and one reads the book, with both satisfying their imaginations.Mary Shelleys Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus is a known as a Gothic text. Although Frankenstein is indeed a gothic text, it does not include every element of Gothic text. However it is impossible to read the book without realising that there are a lot of Gothic techniques within. A major part of Gothic literature is mystery, and this is present from the very beginning of the book. We experience mystery firstly in the letters onpp. 15-31. The reader at this stage does not know who is writing the letters (He is soon revealed as Robert Walton) and who the Mrs Saville he is writing to is.This is the first mystery the next is why Robert Walton is writing in such a serious tone, Rejoice to hear that no disaster has accompanied. Already the reader is feeling a sense of jeopardy and mysteriousness in the book. This is an exact example of the reader being driven to read further to satisfy their curiosity. Gothic Literature is not only about horror romance also plays a very large part in it. And this is also present from the very beginning of the book. In the letters mentioned in the precedent paragraph, as well as the mystery and danger sensed by the reader (Rejoice to hear that no disaster has accompanied.), the reader also senses the love between Robert Walton and his sister, Mrs Saville. There are of love and affection in every single letter without exception, for instance Farewell, my dear, excellent Margaret.And the list can continue with numerous examples. The various examples above that contribute to a Gothic text are not lone samples. These various themes and motifs continue throughout the text. Gothic text also has a reputation for not immediately beginning with horror and dark mystery rather it begins with peace and harmony that gradually changes throughout the text, and again Frankenstein is a testimony to this.When Victor completes his pride, his experiment, his son, his reaction is one of ecstasy, Beautiful. Beautiful which quickly changes to one of disgust and abhorrence, with his words the beauty of the dream vanished, and a breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. This emotion of love changing to disgust is verification of Shelleys efforts make Frankenstein a Gothic text, as many texts do. Mary Shelley, in the book Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, went to great lengths to make the book a Gothic text, and indeed it went on to become one of the most famous Gothic texts in histo ry.

Benefits of hunting Essay Example for Free

Benefits of run EssayFor my research topic I have unconquerable to go over the benefits of hunting. I think these reasons be numerous, and cover a wide variety of topics. Some of which include, controlling the animal population, helping to maintain remnant in the ecosystem, connecting with nature, participating in something with a rich tradition, and in like manner to provide healthy organic food that you know exactly where it came from, and what was done to it. There are definitely other benefits to hunting, but they are probably al about too m each to list, or touch on all(prenominal) told of them. I will in addition try to tackle some of the proclaimed downsides to hunting.And example of that is people constantly complain that hunting is killing, and yes it is but such a small part for most of us it is not why we hunt. That being said every piece of meat in the super market is also killing, and the animal never had a chance, and may not have ever been as healthy or ha ppy as it could be. The audience for this paper would be those against hunting, or who dont have any knowledge about hunting. My reason for choosing this topic is that I am an avid hunter, and the only differences I see for what I do when hunting vs. what a cattle ranch does is that I know everything going on in what Im doing.Basically I know where the animal was, I know who shot it and how it died, I know the animal is healthy, that it has had a good life, and was not confined to a tiny cage packed with others. Long paper short, I know my animal I harvested is probably healthier than just about anything from the store. Also as humans we have a long invoice of hunting. Im not sure when we started hunting, though for my paper I think it will be an excellent origin for the tradition of hunting, but I know we as a species have been doing it for as long as we can remember.Not only that, but hunting is something often passed down from preceptor to son, and is mainly why hunting has s urvived this long against so much backlash. I know for me personally hunting with my dad was some of the most fun times, and fondest memories, that I will ever get to have, until I pass it on to my kids. Hunting gets attacked from a lot of angles, the only one I really think that has any argument is one from a vegan. That is a person who really has no connection with any sort of harvesting animals at all. Honestly I assess their opinions, and wish that they would also do mine.Hunting goes beyond people going out and shooting animals, and then posing with them in pictures, which I believe is all they see. They miss out on the tradition, the actual hunt, hunting does not mean killing, something any hunter can tell you. Not to mention all the bonding time with friends and family, and last the experience of just getting away from it all and being in the great outdoors. One last thing for the vegan argument is that from an evolutionary stand point it is pretty much impossible to argue a gainst hunting.Humans grew up the evolutionary ladder partly because of our abilities to get better at hunting. Someone who provided a couple hundred pound animal complete with meat and hides had to be more valuable than someone who just picked berries. Being vegan is also a choice, its not exactly the way of nature. Sure some animals eat only plants, but things like wolves just cant do it. eating meat and hunting are part of Earth, and I would say that 99. 99% of kills done by humans are quicker, and cleaner, than those done by animals.

Chemical Synthesis of a Gene: Phosphodiester Approach

Chemical price reduction of a Gene Phosphodiester ApproachChemical synthesis of a component is the process of synthesizing an artificially designed constituent into a physical deoxyribonucleic acid sequence by chemical methods. The amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by a gene enables the deduction of base sequence of the concerned gene. From the amino acid sequence of the protein and utilize a set of optimal codons, the nucleotide sequence of the gene outhouse be back translated. However, the degeneracy of genetic code may present some problems, but a functional sequence of the gene cease nonetheless be worked out and can be optimized for codon usage as well as for base composition.In principle, a DNA combiner can be utilize to synthesize the DNA sequence chemically and this can be cloned in the usual manner. But this is not so simple. A synthesizer will add bases sequentially one at a time to the growing oligonucleotide chain through a series of chemical responses and washing go. Synthesis of oligonucleotides 30-50 bases long is very reliable, longer sequences can be synthesized but the practical limit is not more than 100 bases. One way to solve this is to synthesize short fragments and join them chemically or enzymatically to create the longer fragment. However, the synthesizer makes single-stranded DNA, so the complementary strand has to be synthesized again to create a double-stranded DNA. It involves a lot of work but is achievable.Early studies. The synthesis of nucleic acids in the laboratory started about thirty years ago. Early synthetic efforts used phosphodiester draw near which enab take the synthesis of short oligonucleotides of 10-20 nucleotides. This approach was based on the selection of the proper condensing agents for phosphodiester bond formation and at the same time suitable safety-related root words were employed for the bases and the ribose moiety. These oligonucleotides were then put ind into longer DNA fragments with the help of kinase and DNA ligase. From the known primary structure of a ribonucleic acid, tyrosine tRNA, Dr H Khorana and his colleagues deduced the DNA sequence and synthesized successfully a DNA segment containing 200 bp coding for the structural gene for tyrosine tRNA. However, the low yields in the condensation step, the long response times, and especially the time-consuming purification of intermediates led to believe that chemical gene synthesis is unlikely to become a standard laboratory method.Since then, the procedure for oligonucleotide synthesis has been improved by several workers and they pass on different approaches for synthesis as well as protection of bases and sugar moieties. There are three distinct methods (1) phosphodiester approach, (2) phosphotriester or phosphate triester approach and (3) phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approach.Phosphodiester approachThis method involves the formation of an ester linkage between an activated phosphate group of one nucleotide with the hydroxyl group of another nucleoside, thus forming the inseparable phosphodiester bridge between the 5-OH of one nucleoside unit and the 3-OH of the next.Here, 3-O-acetylnucleoside-5-O-phosphate (a) is activated by N,N-dicyclo- hexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or p-toluenesulphonylchloride(PTS/PTsCl) and subjected to react with a 5-O-protected nucleoside (b) to give a protected dinucleoside monophosphate or phosphodiester (c). Activation of phosphate moiety is essential for easier formation of the phosphodiester linkage and this is mediated by DCC or PTsCl. Now, to increase the chain length, one has to remove the 3-O-acetyl group by base catalysed hydrolysis. throw out chain elongation is carried out by repeating the process. The major drawback of the phosphodiester method is the formation of pyrophosphate oligomers and oligonucleotides carve uped at the internucleosidic phosphate.Phosphotriester approachIn this method, oligonucleotide branch formation is avoided b y protect the phosphate group with an ethylcyano group. A nucleotide containing 5-OH protected and phosphate protected by MMT and 2-cyanoethyl group respectively (compound a) is activated with 2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (TPSCl) and subjected to reaction with a 3-O-protected nucleoside (b). This generates a dinucleoside monophosphate or phosphotriester (c) in which phosphate group is protected by 2-cyanoethyl group. The basic difference between phosphodiester and phosphotriester method is that, in phosphodiester method, the phosphate group is protected by two phosphoester linkage but in phosphotriester method the phosphate group is protected by one extra phosphoester linkage with 2-cyanoethyl group. In phosphotriester method, the formation of oligonucleotide branch at the internucleosidic phosphate is avoided.Phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approachThe phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approach for oligonucleotide synthesis was based upon the use of phosphor amidite monomers and the use of tetrazole catalysis. In phosphite triester method, the starting compound is N-6-benzoyldeoxyadenosinephosphoramidite (if adenine is the prototypal base) where the phosphorous atom is in the +3 oxidation state. So unlike the other methods, the formation of oligonucleotides branch is not possible in this process.In this approach, the oligonucleotide is synthesized by a series of reactions described below.Protection of base and sugarIn this step, the free -NH2 group of the bases are protected by benzoylation or acylation depending upon the nature of bases. The 5-hydroxyl group is also protected by dimethoxytrityl group (DMT), which protects only primary hydroxyl group but not secondary. The reactions are illustrated in CSG_Fig 3., the blocked bases are shown in the inset.Formation of phosphite triester or phosphoramiditeIn this step phosphite triester is synthesized by a series of reactions. First, 2-cyanoethanol on reaction with phosphorus trichloride produces an intermediate compound which on further reaction with di-isopropylamine (two-equivalent) and 5-OH protected nucleoside (one-equivalent) produces phosphite triester (CSG_Fig 4). This phosphoramidite will be repeatedly used during the oligonucleotide synthesis process described below.The synthesis procedureThe synthesis is carried out in several steps described below quality 1 The deblocking stepThe first base, which is attached to the solid support, is at first inactive because all the active sites require been blocked or protected. The free -NH2 groups in the bases re main(prenominal)s protected by benzoylation or acylation depending upon the bases and the -OH group is protected by dimethoxytrityl group (DMT). To add the next base, the DMT group protecting the 5-hydroxyl group moldiness be removed (deblocking). This step is also called detritylation. This is through with(p) by adding either dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in dichloromethane (DCM) , to the reaction tug. The 5-hydroxyl group is now the only reactive group on the base monomer. This ensures that the addition of the next base will only bind to that site. The reaction column is then washed to remove any extra acid and by-products.Step 2 Base condensationThe step2 is basically a condensation step. Now former to addition of the well protected nucleotide to the column, it is essential to activate the phosphate group, so that the nucleophilic ack-ack on phosphorous atom takes place easily. This is best do by adding tetrazole to the nucleotide in dichloromethane medium. In presence of tetrazole, diisopropylamine group of the nucleotide becomes positively charged and hence its departure would be easier after nucleophilic attack of 5-hydroxyl group of the previous nucleotide which is attached with resin column. After the reaction, the column was washed to remove extra tetrazole, unbound nucleotide and byproduct (diisopropylamine).Step 3 CappingIn case of unreacted nu cleoside attached with resin, the 5-hydroxyl group is unprotected this may react later with the addition of different nucleotides. If left unprotected, it will lead to the formation of a mixture of oligonucleotides. The 5-hydroxyl group is therefore blocked by adding acetic anhydride and N-methylimidazole (capping). After capping, the reaction column is thoroughly washed to remove extra acetic anhydride and N-methylimidazole.Step 4 OxidationThis step is basically an oxidation step. In this step, the phosphite linkage is oxidized to give more stable phosphate linkage. The oxidation is best through by adding a mixture of dilute aqueous iodine outcome, pyridine (Py) and tetrahydorfuran (THF) to the reaction column.The steps one through four, i.e., deblocking, base condensation, capping and oxidation, are repeated until all coveted bases have been added to the column. This cycle is completed once for each additional base.Step 5 Detachment of oligonucleotide from solid supportAfter all bases have been added the oligonucletide must be cleaved from the solid support and deprotected before it can be effectively used. For detachment of oligonucleotides form resin, the column is treated with 28% ammonium hydroxide dissolving agent (NH4OH), and at the same time the ethylcyano group on the phosphate group is removed.Step 6 Purification and isolation of oligonucleotideIn this step, NH4OH is evaporated from the ammonium hydroxide solution of oligonucleotides to get crude product. The crude product is a mixture of oligonucleotide, cleaved protective groups and oligonucleotides with internal deletions. Now this crude product is subjected to boiling in a pie-eyed tube with NH4OH at 55C. The main purpose of this reaction is to remove the base protecting group. After evaporation of NH4OH, the crude product is subjected to desalting followed by Polyacrylamide colloidal gel Electrophoresis, to purify the oligonucleotides. Desalting is used mainly to remove the ammonium ion. Th is is done by ethanol precipitation, size-exclusion chromatography, or reverse-phase chromatography.Oligonucleotides are synthesized by the stepwise addition of nucleoside-3-phosphoramidite monomers to solid-phase supports in an automated DNA synthesizer. In solid-phase synthesis, 3-terminal hydroxy group of the first added nucleoside is attached to the solid surface by covalent interaction. The solid support is contained in columns whose dimensions depend on the scale of synthesis. The two most frequently used solid phase materials are Control Pore Glass (CPG) and macroporous polystyrene (MPPS).CPG is commonly defined by its center size, for example pore sizes of 500 are used to allow the oligonucleotides preparation of about 50 -mer. To improve the performance of native CPG some modification is required. This is done by treating the material with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane) to give Aminopropyl CPG. The amino group then serves as the anchoring point for the first added oligon ucleoside.MPPS is synthesized by polymerization of divinylbenzene, styrene, and 4-chloromethylstyrene in the presence of a porogeneous agent. It is a low-swellable, highly cross-linked polystyrene and suitable for oligonucleotide synthesis. The macroporous chloromethyl MPPS obtained is often converted to aminomethyl MPPS to improve the efficiency of the support.Annealing of oligonucleotidesFor chemically synthesize a gene, the next step will be to assemble the oligonucleotides to form a complete gene. This is achieved by enzymatic methods which include polymerase cycling and ligase reactions. Some of the strategies are discussed below.Assembling oligonucleotides by single-step PCR. For synthesis of a gene, the oligonucleotides (about 30-60 nt long) are synthesized chemically so that each oligonucleotide has a 6-9 nt overlap with its neighboring oligonucleotide. These are then assembled in a single-step PCR. In this method, oligonucleotides are first ligated and then the product, the entire gene, is PCR amplified using the outmost oligonucleotides as primers.This method was first used to synthesize a 924-bp gene coding for an isozyme of horseradish peroxidase. Another method was developed by WPC striptease which did not use any ligase for joining the oligonucleotide products. It however, relied on Taq DNA polymerase (PCR cycling) for joining the soul oligonucleotides.Assembling oligonucleotides by two-step PCR. The method involves two steps. (i) Synthesis of individual fragments of the DNA of interest ten to twelve 60mer oligonucleotides with 20 bp overlap are mixed and a PCR reaction is carried out with high-fidelity DNA polymerase Pfu to produce DNA fragments that are 500 bp in length. (ii) Synthesis of the entire sequence of the DNA of interest five to ten PCR products from the first step are combined and used as the template for a second PCR reaction using high-fidelity DNA polymerase pyrobest, with the two outermost oligonucleotides as primers.Several mo difications of the above procedure have been presented. One such method called PAS (PCR-based accurate synthesis) involves (i) synthesis of oligonucleotides to cover the entire DNA sequence (ii) PCR to synthesize DNA fragments (iii) second PCR for assembly of the products of the first PCR and (iv) re-create of the synthetic DNA and then verification by DNA sequencing.Besides, other methods in use for gene synthesis are successive extension PCR, modify gene synthesis (PCR based), synthons and ligation by selection, to name a few.Review questions and problemsWhat is the advantage of phosphatetriester method over phosphatediester method?What is the advantage of phosphitetriester method over phosphatetriester andphosphatediester method?What is the main advantage to use DMTCl for protecting the 5-hydroxyl group?How could you attach the first nucleoside to the solid support?What is the utility of capping step in the oligonucleotides synthesis?Why capping is done by aceticanhydride?What is the function of iodine in the oxidation step of oligonucleotides synthesis?How could you protect only the free -NH2 group of the bases of a nucleoside?What is the reagent used for the removal of 2-cyanoethyl group from thesynthesized oligonucleotides?What is the byproduct produced from the base-condensation step of oligonucleotidessynthesis in phosphite triester method?How could you deprotect the bases of oligonucleotides?What is the function of tetrazole in the base condensation step of oligonucleotide synthesis?What is the basic principle for synthesizing a gene from the correspond oligonucleotides by (a) PCR-based one-step DNA synthesis, (b) PCR-based two-step DNA synthesis?

Factors Affecting The Rate Of Enzymes Activity Biology Essay

Factors Affecting The Rate Of Enzymes Activity Biology EssayEnzymes ar catalysts made within the sympathetic be. Catalysts innate(p)ly, lower the activation energy required for play offions. The lower the activation energy is, the faster the localize of reaction is, and in that respectfore enzymes speed up reactions in the personate by lowe vibrancy the activation energy required. (Diet-Health.net)There are many factors that contribute to the consec roam of reaction of an enzyme. Factors include do use of the enzyme, temperature, pH level, stringency of the substrate, and inhibitors. This lab shows the affects these factors choose on the rate of reaction between catalase, an enzyme found in potatoes, and atomic number 1 peroxide, the substrate.The limited enzyme that was studied during this lab was catalase. Catalase is a natur every(prenominal)y occurring enzyme that is found in many living organisms such as plants and the human body. Catalase breaks down henry pero xide, a very harmful oxidizing agent for cells (Catalase). A single catalase molecule backside break down millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules in a given moment. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is a natural waste product which forms when the body breaks down fatty acids and converts that into energy. Hydrogen peroxide besides forms when white blood cells break down and kill bacteria in the body. Catalase is also helpful in prevent the formation of carbon dioxide bubbles in the blood. Catalase can help break down other harmful chemicals in the body such as alcohol, phenol, and formaldehyde (VitaminStuff.com).As mentioned before, enzymes play a significant role in organic chemistry. Catalase is one of the most recognized enzymes found in living organisms. This lab provides the clear and understandable information of the enzyme world studied, catalase, and proves the affects of the factors that contribute to an enzymes rate of react ion. straggle 1 Change in Enzyme ConcentrationTable 1Enzyme minginess compositionsDistance (cm)Time (s)Rate of Change (cm/s)Other watchings100 % concentration (10 mL potato juice)8 cm3.02 s2.65 cm/s bubbles appeared80 % concentration (8 mL potato juice, 2 mL distilled water)8 cm5.06 s1.58 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition60 % concentration (6 mL potato juice, 4 mL distilled water)8 cm6.28 s1.27 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition40% concentration (4 mL potato juice, 6 mL distilled water)8 cm7.5 s1.07 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition20% concentration (2 mL potato juice, 8 mL distilled water)8 cm19.65 s0.41 cm/s no bubbles appearedGraph 1 outline 1 fit in to the observation graph 1, the major trend shows that as the concentration of the catalase, which is in the potato juice, increases on that point is also an increase in the rate of reaction. As the concentration of the catalase subsided, the rate of reaction also drop-offd. interpreter 2 Change i n TemperatureTable 2Temperature (C)Distance (cm)Time (s)Rate of Reaction (cm/s)10.08.005.851.3821.08.004.831.6635.08.002.992.6850.08.004.211.9080.08.005.521.45Graph 2Analysis 2Observation graph 2 shows the relationship between the environmental temperature and the rate of reaction. According to the observation chart the optimum temperature was 35C. The optimum temperature being the temperature at which the enzyme reacted the fastest. Any temperature higher or lower than 35C, the catalase molecules did not react as fast.Part 3 Change in pH aimTable 3 come of H2O2 (mL)Amount of Distilled Water (mL)Amount of pH Buffer (mL)pH LevelVertical Distance Travelled by dawn Paper Towards MeniscusTime taken by filter composing disc to move to meniscus (s)Upward velocity of Filter Paper saucer (cm/s)10 mL5 mL7 (Control)8.156.61.2310 mL5 mL27.98.1516.650.4710 mL5 mL48.157.051.1610 mL5 mL98.110.40.7810 mL5 mL127.858.140.96Graph 3Analysis 3According to graph 3, the optimal value was the pH lev el of 7. At the pH level of 7, the rate of reaction was the fastest, any pH level higher or lower than that of 7 the enzymes rate of reaction would decrease. This relationship was much like that of the temperatures, anything above or below the optimal value the rate of reaction decreases.Part 4 Change in Substrate ConcentrationTable 4Concentration ofH202 of Distilled WaterTrialTime of catalase to travel from the bottom of the test underpass to the top (s)Distance of bottom of test tube to substrate(cm)Rate of change of the catalyzed reaction (cm/s)15 mL of H2023%15.898.01.3626.868.01.17Total6.388.01.2713 mL of H202 2.6%18.138.00.9827.118.01.13Total7.628.01.0110 mL of H202 2%18.658.00.87212.88.00.63Total10.738.00.757.5 mL of H202 1.5%19.438.00.84212.538.00.64Total10.988.00.745 mL of H202 1%110.378.00.77212.888.00.62Total12.638.00.70Graph 4Analysis 4According to graph 4, as the concentration of the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) increases the rate of reaction also increases. This rela tionship was much like that of the change in enzyme concentration.Part 5 Addition of an InhibitorTable 5Experiment NumberAmount of Inhibitor (copper (II) sulfate drops)Time (s)Distance (cm)Rate of change (cm/s)104.138.01.94214.688.01.71355.578.01.444106.668.01.205158.578.00.93Graph 5Analysis 5According to graph 5, as there was an increase in the drops of copper (II) sulphate (the inhibitor for this lab) there was a decrease in the rate of reaction. This was due to the fact that the copper (II) sulphate blocked the active site of the catalase.Evaluation ConclusionFor each part of the lab, there were surmise made in the beginning of the experiments. Each experiment was done and observed and a conclusion was reached on whether the hypothesis for the experiment made sense and was proven.Part 1 Change in Enzyme ConcentrationHypothesis If there was an increase in the concentration of the catalase, then there would be an increase in the rate of reaction.This hypothesis was proven to be t rue. As there was an increase in the concentration of the enzyme, the catalase, there was an increase in the rate of reaction. This was due to the fact that there were more(prenominal) catalase enzymes available for the substrates to bind to and soon react with. The concentration of the substrate was main(prenominal)tained at the naturally available concentration, there were no changes made. That meant that there were more active sites available to the substrates to bind to. The more the active sites there were, the more substrates were being reacted at the resembling time, therefore decreasing the time it took to fully react with all the substrate molecules.Table 2 Change in temperatureHypothesis If the temperature of the environment surrounding the reaction increases the rate of reaction will also increase, until it reaches the optimal head word, the point at which the rate of reaction will start to decrease.The hypothesis was proven to be true as well. The rate of reaction di d increase until it reached the optimal point. At the optimal point (35C) the rate of reaction was the highest, which meant the most number of hydrogen peroxide molecules were reacting with the enzymes during the experiment at that specific temperature. In other words, the optimal point was when the enzymes worked the best. As the temperature rose, the molecules possessed more kinetic energy. The more kinetic energy there was, the more the molecules moved and collided with one another, increasing the rate of reaction, until it reached the optimal point. Once the temperature started to increase higher than 35C the catalase started to denature, which meant the shape of the enzyme would start to differ. The denaturing catalase decreased the rate of reaction because there werent as many healthy approach pattern catalase molecules to maintain the rate or even increase it.Part 3 Change in pH LevelHypothesis If the pH level of the substrate increased then the rate of reaction will also in crease until an optimal pH level is reached. Anything above or below the optimal pH level the enzyme will denature.This hypothesis was also proven to be true. The optimal pH level was 7, neutral, for the catalase. This meant at pH 7, the most enzyme-substrate reactions were taking place at that specific time. Enzymes work within a small pH range, therefore pH levels tend to have a great impact on the enzyme-substrate bodily function (Nelson Biology 12). Any pH level above or below 7 started to denature the enzyme, slowing down the rate of reaction. Denaturing enzymes meant that the shape of the overall enzyme had changed. This meant that at the pH levels of 2, 4, 9 or 12 the shape of the active site for the substrate to bond to would change, slowing down the process. At the pH level of 7, catalases exercise was the greatest.Part 4 Change in Substrate ConcentrationHypothesis If the concentration of the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) increases the rate of reaction also increases.Thi s hypothesis was proven to be true. This relationship was much like that of the concentration of the catalase. As the concentration of the substrate increased the rate of reaction also increased because there were more hydrogen peroxide molecules available to react with the catalase. However, at one point (the point of saturation, which wasnt achieved in this lab) the rate of reaction would be constant. That meant at a given point during the experiment, all of the active sites of the catalase would be occupied with a hydrogen peroxide molecule and the rate of reaction would neither increase nor decrease. Strictly looking at the experiment observed, the rate of reaction was increasing as the substrate concentration was increasing because there were more substrates available to react with an enzyme at a specific time.Part 5 Addition of an InhibitorHypothesis If the addition of an inhibitor increased then that means the rate of reaction would decrease.This hypothesis was also proven co rrect. The copper (II) sulphate acted as an inhibitor for the experiment. When added, the copper (II) sulphate attached itself to the active site of the catalase molecules, causing the rate of reaction to decrease. The copper (II) sulphate was meant to block the active site, which it did successfully, hence the decrease in the rate of reaction. This meant, the more copper (II) sulphate was added the lower the rate of reaction would be. This is because this inhibitor stalls the reaction time because there are less reactions taking place at that moment in time, due to the fact that the active sites are blocked off from the hydrogen peroxide molecules.Evaluation Sources of Error end-to-end this lab there were many misconducts made that were uncontrolled and/or unaccounted for. These errors were not human errors, which were tried to be reduced to the minimal if not none. Some sources of error included the test tube measurements, errors regarding the filter paper disc and the inconsiste nt concentration of the catalase.The test tubes were meant to be all the alike(p) shape and hold the same amount. However this was not the case for every single test tube. To the human eyes the amount in the test tube might look the same but in reality the amount might vary. This is due to the fact that the test tubes from the inside do not all have the same shape, by and by all test tubes are human made and there is a chance of major human error during that process as well. The test tubes not being consistent meant that there was room for error in measurements. Even though the volume of the catalase and the hydrogen peroxide were measured out precisely, the measurements that were made using a ruler were not. This was due to the fact that the test tubes were not all the same, and that the human eye is not precise in analyzing such measurements. This meant there were eternal errors throughout the lab.For many processes the filter paper disc, which was dipped in the potato juice, d id not always sink to the bottom of the test tube. Even with the help of forceps and bendable pipettes, which were used to aid the filter paper disc to the bottom of the test tube, the filter paper disc did not reach the bottom. This was because the catalase that was absorbed into the filter paper disc automatically started reacting with the hydrogen peroxide. They were very inconsistent, some filter paper discs took a longer time to be pushed to the bottom and others simply sank, and since time was a major aspect to the lab this caused many errors.Catalase concentration was also a source of error. There were many potatoes that were ground and made into potato juice for the drive of this lab. Naturally, they would carry different concentration of catalase because of the different ways they were grown. There might be a potato that had many nutrients while it was still maturing in the battleground and a potato that barely got any nutrients. The concentration of the catalase used in one part of the lab would be higher or lower than the concentration of the catalase used in another part because of the different potatoes used. This affected the lab because, like observed before, the higher the concentration of the catalase the higher the rate of reaction there will be. In the future, if only one potato was ground and made into potato juice would help control this aspect of the lab.These were only three main errors observed during this lab. There were many more, regarding the separate sections of the lab.Evaluation Next StepsThroughout this lab there were many procedures that could have been done differently or to a different point. Another lab could have been carried out with another natural enzyme which could have been comparable to the factors and affects of catalase. Also, the saturation level was undiscovered for the enzyme (in terms of concentration, and the inhibitors). twain(prenominal) are procedures that could have been carried to obtain a better unde rstanding of enzymes.Another miniature lab would have been helpful if done, because then the factors and the affects these factors had on the rate of reactions could have been compared for a better understanding. There is another naturally occurring enzyme that shares characteristics with catalase. This enzyme is called amylase. Amylase is a catalyst that hydrolysis polysaccharides amylum into disaccharide maltose. Amylase can be found in the saliva, produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. If amylase is added to starch solution, the starch will soon break down to form maltose (Enzyme Lab). Both catalase and amylase are natural occurring enzymes found in the human body and they are great for comparison with one another. If the same lab was done with amylase this lab would help others understand a little more in the similarities and differences between enzymes. wiz other suggestion would be to carry out the experiments to the full potential. After reading and studying enzym es, it is clear that there are saturation points for the substrate concentration and the affects of an inhibitor (Nelson Biology 12). Saturation points refer to the point at which there is no increase or decrease in the rate of reaction between the catalase and hydrogen peroxide. The experiment that required the increase in the substrate concentration could have been (and should have been) carried out until the point of saturation was observed. This is when the rate of reaction stays at a constant because all the active sites are occupied by hydrogen peroxide molecules and no other reactions can occur. This could have also been realizable with the inhibitor part of the lab. At one point no reactions would occur because the inhibitors would have been blocking all the possible active sites for the hydrogen peroxide to react with. This is also referred to as a saturation point. If these saturation points were observed, there wouldve been a better understanding of the affects the diffe rent factors had on the enzyme.For future labs, both these processes should be considered, if not acted upon. With both processes there is the availability to further the understanding of enzymes and their capabilities in living organisms.Work CitedCATALASE -ANTIOXIDANT BENEFITS, INFORMATION ON SUPPLEMENTS, ARTICLES, LINKS, NEWS, ADVICE. VITAMINSTUFF A RESOURCE FOR VITAMINS, HERBS, ANTIOXIDANTS, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. .Catalase An wicked Enzyme. Catalase Home Page (Index page for http//www.catalase.com). N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. .Enzyme Lab Ex. 4. Welcome to Eve. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . Enzymes Enzyme Biological Catalysts Diet and Health.net. Diet and Health.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. .Protein Digestion A Trip Through the Gut. illusionist ThinkQuest Library . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. .Substrate definition from Biology-Online.org. Life Science Reference Biology Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. .catalase Definition f rom Answers.com. Answers.com Wiki QA combined with free online dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedias. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. .The innocence in this world has become extinctThough, my purity still stands because my status is distinct.I have been refusing to give the green lightContinually declining every inviteItholds all the respectIts just not enough to relinquish in an hourOnce it is gone, its gone foreverIts just not worth it to meOne of my smite enemies is RegretAll the hurt and all the pain is hard to forgetI dont want to be a statisticSo when it comes to sex, we speak of different linguistics.I must add that my mind is pessimistic.What if something goes wrong?What if its sadisticThey always ask me if Im clean.Give it up baby, youre already seventeenSounds like a kid to meI dont know what the fuck you mean.Im just not you, one who lets lust consumeSeems like everyone lost it alreadyIn this I must say,My standards must be met for it to be given away.That man better lov e me to deathI better be the reason for his every breathBaby dont you see the ring on that right fistBecause I dare that man to run off with my virginity

Social Issues With Multiculturalism

Social Issues With MulticulturalismWhat are the main sociological issues raised by the estimate of a multi-cultural golf-club?Multiculturalism is non well-nigh difference and identity per se but about those that are embedded in and sustained by finishing (Parekh, 20002). Despite the fact that most countries instantly are culturally diverse, it would be impossible to discuss the main sociological issues raised by the idea of a multicultural society without explaining first, what is the meaning of culture itself? The most common definition of culture refers to a complex entity which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs and habits acquired by members of a society. Claire Alexander sees culture as a set of traditions and beliefs coupled to ethnicity and common origins which led to the realisation that culture is not a fixed set of beliefs, but it is made and unmade in daily life. (1996)The query of multiculturalism is not a recent topic for debate since it has been pres ent in the political life of European countries since 1945, year that does not only mark the back earthly concern War but also the beginning of an era of concerns and changes. The main issues raised by this matter refer to immigration, delegation of part and growing numbers of political refugees and asylum seekers. Yet, further problems go forth concerning corporate and political rights, liberal ideas, identity, and item-by-item liberty. (Rex, 2003)Furthermore, Kymlicka suggests that the mixture of cultures we are experiencing today has led to a conflict between majorities and minorities oer matters such(prenominal) as delivery, autonomy, political representation, and national identity (1996). He also argues that this, mainly affects democraciesattempts to create liberal democratic institutions are being undermined by red nationalist conflicts volatile dis setes oer the rights of immigrants, autochthonic peoples, and other cultural minorities are throwing into question m any an(prenominal) of the assumptions which have governed political life for decades (1996 2)Until recently, multiculturalism was seen by politicians and monarchs as a positive trait of modern and nation-states. However, this perception changed due to ethnic conflicts within nations such as the ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia or the riots in the joined Kingdom between Asians and native British citizens. In the past few years, many philosophers and social scientists have taken an interest into the idea of cultural miscellanea and tried to define the image of a liberal society, answer the question whether individual rights should be expanded to groups and solve the problem of recognition which appeared it implied the denial of individual rights in the first place. (Rex, 2003)On this matter, Charles Taylor argues that in fact, recognition is an essential component of the concept of rights and individuals could be recognised as part of a group (1994). In order to expand his argument, he goes as far back as the collapse of social hierarchies and the ancient regime and states the common element that constitutes both a hierarchy and a democratic society. He claims that the ancient hierarchies were based on the notion of honour which even though it was a matter of choice, it defined the individuals of the society the term we use today is dignity. On the other hand, Taylor states that recognition has acquired a different meaning with the new understanding of individual identity that emerged at the suppress of the eighteenth century. This new idea focused on the privileged voice of the individual and on the concept of authenticity on the original view, the inner voice was important because it tells us what the right thing to do is being in touch with our moral feelings matter here, as a means to the end of acting rightly (199428) He also argues that identity is necessarily corporate and that cultural rights cannot be enjoyed by individuals alone because they are coll ective by nature. However, Taylors position collides with the liberal tradition which is based on the idea of individual freedom and the neutrality.According to Henri Giordan, the pillar of the modern society is fighting for individual freedom rather than the traditional structures of societies. Thus, the progress of civilizations was reflected in the freedom of speech and press, liberty to gather political parties and vote, concepts which defined human rights that in Pareks view represent a great historical achievement (2006 17) Furthermore, he explains thatfor the first time in history (human rights) provide a universally accessible moral and political language in which to articulate our dual-lane concerns and differences. In so doing it builds moral bonds between human beings in different parts of the world and helps create an awareness of our shared humanity. (200617)Nonethe slight, Parekh suggests that human rights should follow three conditionsfirstly, they should be totally related to and indispensable for a life of dignity secondly, they should be universal or rather universalizable in the dual sense that all human beings are entitled to claim them and that this claim extends to all societies thirdly, human rights should be widely accepted as such by a cross-cultural consensus. (200625)In order to sustain this point of view, Kymlicka states that minority rights are inseparable from human rights and mentions UNESCOthe defence of cultural diversity is an good imperative inseparable from respect for human dignity. It implies a commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms, in particular the rights belonging to minorities and those of indigenous peoples. Cultural rights are an integral part of human rights, which are universal, indivisible and interdependent. (UNESCO, Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, 2001)However, the rise of democracy was brutally interrupted by the First and Second World War. National identity became a threat for ide ologies such as fascism and Nazism which led to a tragic outcome (Kym1icka, 1992). Some minorities were exterminated, either by expulsion or by genocide while other minorities were assimilated and force to adopt the language, customs and religion of the majority group and were denied political rights. It became evident at the end of the Second World War that a different approach to minorities rights was necessary and attempts were made to redistribute collective rights to individuals rather than granting special rights to members of a group. (Kymlicka, 1996) start with the 1980s, a new dimension was given to minorities rights and Kymlicka suggests that these changes have followed two tracks there is one track for the specific case of indigenous peoples, and another track for minorities in general (200731) He goes on explaining that the rights that were exclusively given to indigenous peoples (the Indians and Inuit in Canada, Aboriginal in Australia, Indian tribes in the United State s, the Maori of new Zea reason) included land claims, language rights, customary law and representation in the central governmentthis is a perception that is sometimes promoted by indigenous peoples themselves and their advocates, who assert that the status of indigenous peoples has nothing in common with the claims of minorities, and that the ideology of indigenism has no connection with more general theories of multiculturalism (2007 34)The latter track that Kymlicka explains refers to the distinction between historic minorities (that were traditionally colonized in the country and included groups that were considered indigenous peoples and long-standing national minorities the Scots and Welsh of Britain, the Catalans and Basques in Spain, Puerto Rico in United States) and the migrants (2007). In what immigration is concerned, it appears that the countries with a postgraduate density of migrants (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States) have approached the problem of immigration through a process of assimilation with the hope that they will blend in with the native citizens. Solid evidence for the progress of minority rights was given by the European sum when they declared that the promotion of minority rights was the ascension criteria for the countries that wanted to join the Union (Kymlicka 2007)Another topic that Kymlicka approaches in his theory refers to the distinction and the connection between collective rights and individual rights. He begins by explaining that there are two meanings of collective rightscollective rights could refer to the right of a group to coiffure the liberty of its own individual members in the name of group solidarity or cultural probity (internal cropions) or it could refer to the right of a group to limit the economic or political power exercised by the larger society over the group, to ensure that the resources and institutions on which the minority depends are not vulnerable to majority decisions (exter nal protections) (1996 36)The internal restrictions imply intra-group relations- the group may use the state power to limit the liberty of its own members which raised the question of individual oppression. As an example, Kymlicka refers to culture where women are oppressed or cultures were the religious orthodoxy is enforced. Moreover, he argues that some minorities would limit even further the rights of their membersit is one thing to require people to do jury duty or to vote, and quite another to compel people to dish a particular church or to follow traditional gender roles. The former are intended to uphold liberal rights and democratic institutions, the latter restrict these rights in the name of cultural tradition or religious orthodoxy. (199636)External protections imply inter-group relations- the ethnic/ national group seeks to preserve its distinction and identity by limiting the effect of the decisions taken by the majority group. Doing so, this also raises yet another i ssue not of individual oppression but of inequality between groups.However, Kymlicka makes it clear that collective rights are indeed opposed to individual rightsOn one natural interpretation, collective rights refer to the rights accorded to and exercised by collectivities, where these rights are distinct from, and mayhap conflicting with, the rights accorded to the individuals who compose the collectivity. This is not the only possible definition of collective rightsindeed there are hundreds of definitions in the literaturebut almost everyone agrees that collective rights are, by definition, not individual rights. (1996 45)This matter led to a conflict of ideas between individualists and collectivists on the priority of individuals within a companionship or the community itself. It appears that individualists argue that the individuals are essential for a community seeing that a community only matters if it contributes to the well-being of its constituent members. On the other ha nd, collectivists deny the idea of a community thats meant to attend to its individuals. (1996)Collectivists and individualists disagree about whether communities can have rights or interests independently of their individual members (). Most such rights are not about the primacy of communities over individuals. Rather, they are based upon the idea that justice between groups requires that the members of different groups be accorded different rights. (1996 48)Despite the fact that multiculturalism and immigration have continuously been present in our lives and are essential components of the modern world, it is still impossible to find the answers to the al paths-present sociological issues that a multicultural society rises. What triggers the majority of problems is immigration with it, emerge matters concerning minority rights, individual freedom and identity, oppression, riots, protests for human rights, violence and racism. Economical and political issues, religion and race con cerns, language and culture barriers are also consequences of this cultural diversity that we are experiencing today.The topic looks as if it appealed to theoreticians and social scientists and it still remains an ever-present subject of discussion. It also led to conflicts of ideas between theoreticians such as Charles Taylor and Will Kymlicka, both Canadians but with opposing views. It is quite obvious that multiculturalism is now seen as a persistent problem, taking into account the changes that took place in the structures of societies. However, there is no enquiry that immigration improved our knowledge of different cultures, languages, traditions and food it had also thought communities to be tolerant and accept diversity even embrace it. Economy and foxiness between countries has developed and societies became cosmopolitan. Even thought, migrants have always been put in a bad light, they are not in fact, trying to reject natives. They have good realizeing skills and are w illing to work for low-paid jobs and extra hours. Usually, they do the jobs that the natives would not do and it appears that there are more immigrants than natives that have a permanent job. It seems unfair to argue that migrants do not help the economy of the country they live in seeing that they still pay taxes and have less claimed benefits than the unemployed natives. Moreover, due to the fact they have a low wage they can always be found in the rough area of boastfully cities, living in modest and dangerous conditions. On the other hand, language it is definitely a cause of having low-paid jobs since most migrants do not speak the language, then making it more difficult to find employment.Another factor of immigration is religious discrimination. Considering the recent events in the United States, Arabs and Islamists in particular are discriminated and put in a bad light. Romanians and Bulgarians also have a bad reputation around Europe and a false image which may provide t o cultural conflicts between migrants and natives. Somehow, it appears that the society makes it harder for migrants to obtain necessary documents in order to reside and work legally in the country. Until recently, Romanians and Bulgarians were bound to apply for a work permit in order to work legally in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, attempts are being made to improve and solve these problems and it is quite obvious that many advantages have been gained from this. Moreover, it is evident that multiculturalism is the way forward and while modern societies need to become more tolerant of migrants and their values, the migrants have to accept the majoritys way of life and integrate in their community and nation. Unfortunately, these changes might not occur in the near future considering that minorities have more and more claims for rights and benefits and natives are comme il faut more and more reluctant to the controversial idea of multiculturalism, which seems to lead their lives .

Dred Scott case Essay -- American History, African Americans

On June 19th 1862 the US Congress prohibits slavery in the United States territories nullifying the Dred Scott Case. This was the most important day in US history for African Americans. This is because it helped blacks gain the rights they deserve. It also gave them rights they never thought they could achieve. This Court case of Scott vs. Sanford was a catalyst to riots, other court cases such as Brown vs. Board of Education, Rachel vs. pram and many acts and amendments resulted from one mans wish to be free. Dred Scott was a slave to the Emerson family of Missouri. Emerson briefly died in 1846 making Scott sue for his freedom. He soon lost the case in a state court, but shortly after he was introduced to a national court. Scott Soon after lost the case again but then was later considered free man. This case caused many good things to occur, and many things hazardous to occur. Some of these things include the strengthening of the Republican Party in opposition to the co urts decision and it increased the abolitionist to get rid of slavery which eventually leads to the polite war. There are also some negatives to the Dred Scott Case like how it eventually led to the Panic of 1857. As well caused fights like Bleeding Kansas. Even the governance of checks and balances was hurt by the Dred Scott Case. This case played a major role in how African Americans live today and how they are accepted among people. Without the efforts of Dred Scott and the people who followed in his footsteps there would be no way African Americans can live with the freedom and rights they have today because of the Dred Scott Case. Scott in addition caused people to really rede what life was... ...gislative branch, but also strengthened all the power of the republican party and there abolitionist ways. There was other things that have helped like the Rachel vs. Walker and James Tallmadge. These other cases and people have really helped Dred Scott gain his freedom and effect the world in so many ways that have completed the world so blacks no longer have to worry about being whipped, hit , or any racial discrimination without justice stepping in. Dred Scott was slowly the most important person to ever live he has done so many great things. Dred Scott has become a major topic in all United States history, he will also go down as the best civil rights activist to ever live even though he did not realize at the time that he would become a major celebrity in history. Easily Dred Scott is known as the great person in history.

How Progress Makes Us Sick Essay -- Science Scientific Papers

How Progress Makes Us SickBy now, Im sure nearly everyone has heard of SARS (Severe knifelike Respiratory Syndrome). If youve watched all news channels like CNN or Fox News over the past month with their alternating images of people hurrying done airports wearing surgical masks and bombs exploding over Baghdad, youd think there were only two news stories worth reporting the growing body counts created by SARS and the Iraq war. stock- unagitated the attention that has been focused on SARS has startled people rather than educated them about the disease. Lack of information leads to fear. According to J. Michael Bishop in Enemies of Promise We pop off in an age of scientific triumph. Science has solved many of natures puzzles and greatly enlarged merciful knowledge. And the fruits of scientific inquiry have vastly improved human welfare. Yet despite these proud achievements, science today is increasingly mistrusted and under attack. The parade of frightening new maladies continues, each on confirming that our species, for all its cleverness, still lives at the mercy of the microbe. In May fifths issue of Newsweek, Geoffrey Cowley states Many of the advances that have made our lives more comfortable have also made them more dangerous. nearly thirty new diseases have cropped up since the mid-1970scausing tens of millions of deaths. What exactly is SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome? It is a respiratory illness that has recently been reported in Asia, North America, and Europe. SARS begins with a fever greater than 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Some others symptoms may include headache, an overall feeling of discomfort, body aches, and sore throat. After two to septette days SARS patients may develop a dry cough and have trouble breathing. S... ...the natural world. In consequence, we are admired but also feared, mistrusted, even despised. We offer hope for the future but also more conflict and ambiguous choice. The price of science seems large, but to r eject science is to cross the future. Will there ever be an answer for SARS? Will there ever be a cure? Science is a demonstrate and I think that is what most people dont see. In order to make the right decisions, there is a process that scientists have to follow. Sometimes that process takes time. We pitch unplug from what we believe, but we can meet somewhere in the middle and work together as a team. Works Cited Bishop, Michael. Enemies of Promise. The Presence of Others. Marilyn Moller. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2000, 237-243. Shih, June. A City Masked in Fear and Distrust. U.S. News. May 5, 2003. Cowley, Geoffrey. SARS. Newsweek May 5, 2003.