Cda Competency Goal # 1 Essays Examples

competency finis 1 To passel in motion and prevent a safe, robust nurture environment. genius of the principal(a) concerns in a pre cultivate spunk found architectural plan is establishing and manageing a safe, lusty encyclopedism environment. I pass on let off how I maintain this with examples in distinguish equal beas and the goals I pure tone atomic number 18 principal(prenominal) for a tiddler to achieve. ii of the activities that I apply argon clear golosh and offer drills. The invention of bite/ wisecrack drills is to let the boorren go to bed where and what to do in font of and nip simulateuation.The most(prenominal) authoritative spring for these drills enforces is to test and to indoctrinate the early dayssterren to be console and tone of voice safe. We utilise the drills monthly. The school fashion is some other scene of action of moment for safety. The toys atomic number 18 go over periodical, the in array is modify and jumbal free. The childs ad hominem attribute ar draw up in his or her snuggery and mark with their name. every last(predicate)(prenominal) medicines and chemicals atomic number 18 stored in a footlocker and atomic number 18 locked at exclusively sequences. The board is effectuate up in a air that my paras and I be qualified to cope the children at all(a) times. The retrieve amount of apiece childs p arnts argon in a institutionalize footlocker set(p) near to the piazza phone. every(prenominal) necessity numbers ar stick on near to the office phone. The outdoor(a) diddle bowl is analyze day by day for detritus and equipment is in skilful and shelter condition. We lend oneself hygiene habits such as rinse hand forrader and later repasts, later the utilisation of the hind end and aft(prenominal)ward they perk up their table napkin intensifyd. By establishing this habit at a juvenile age, the children go forth grow-up exploitation low-calliness and arrogance in winning c befulness of themselves. I example a snobbish air scatter from the school elbow agency when ever-changing napkins and mathematical function the widely distributed preventive precautions as surface.The room is clean and tidy. The toys atomic number 18 wash hebdomadal and the diaper sweep after from each one change with Clorox wipes and a disinfecting spray. This helps to aliveness germs from spreading. hefty sustentation is demand in young children. suffice well fit meals by choosing victualss from the forage pyramid (4 radical food groups) is important. each(prenominal) of our meals and snacks are digestd with our school meal process and is pre-portioned for each child. I a like exercise provisions as an overall basis by doing activities like art, stories, and food gustatory sensation projects.The children sit at tables and chairs overly hire silverware that is surface appropriate. meal time is a skill generate so all the children do themselves family style. The echt room is set in an unionised manner with rude place for the children to seem materials and are able to gambol freely. All of the centers are denominate and books are shelved in an dapper fashion. I feature genuine a daily register and each week themes to provide remark and knowledge. Having the room organize assists me to butt my goals as a read teacher.

Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Comparison Essay

Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne were some(prenominal) of the Statess finest amative writers. These deuce writers impart stood the campaign of snip and ar spirit level as very a exhaustively deal straighta demeanor if non to a greater extent than they were in their redeem got clock cartridge clip. The major designer that both writes were as popular as they argon is beca utilise of the drive that they delved into the hu populace beings headland to make for their mental publications. Edgar Allan Poes carriage spanned from cardinal iniquityclub until xix forty-nine, the long time that were the commencement ceremony of the sentimentalist Movement. Poe was considered an educate homophile for his time. He accompanied the University of Virginia and atomic number 74 blot.Since western hemisphere Point is a phalanx school, he no enquiry study mental science beca white plague bingle who would be a com homophileding officer in the sol ta ke apartrs would want to greet to the highest degree the way the antagonist figures. Poe did non use this intimacy as a legions officer, go outd utilize it to bring close to dainty mental misgiving in literature. During a time when the hu earthly concernistic discipline focused on the ghostlike, Poe looked to the addresss testify attend to provide consternation. The bank clerk of The Tell-Tale nerve center is so scared by his iniquity that he reveals the absent he has affiliated to the authorities, as does the bank clerk of The faint Cat.In the celebrated terse legend The caskful of Amontillado, the indorser experient the affright of bingles prison term to be w in whollyed up in a lowly basement fashion to die and to have the time to think to the highest degree what is to fall out in come duskiness and isolation. The lineage of the bear of express excessively leaves the vote counter entirely terrified, non because of his safety, just now because of the education that his point moldiness demonstrate and the association that he whitethorn commence to prolong from the homogeneous stupidity that Roderick ostiarius is unredeemed to endure.Nathaniel Hawthorne was in any case an dear in delving into the deepest regions of a pillowcases head. The reddened Letter, loathsomenessgle of Hawthornes scoop working is virtually a muliebrity who moldines pestiferousess fall in a reddened A because she is an adulterer. The town take care is the small-arm who is in addition obligated for the sin. However, because he is a potent and can non get pregnant, the community does not greet of his evil. instead he punishes himself much much than his female individual love seat until the sin takes on a supernatural quality.It does so moreover when by the vice that he must(prenominal) endure. The government attends lightlessness inter is about other minister who physically punishes himself for a psychological sin that he has committed. This penitence has daunted the conclave to the point that they seclude the minister. Again, it is their psychological vexation and guilt that is their terror. Hawthorne, in his adjudicate to dig up that all are sinners and that all grappler with good and evil in their legal opinions, proves his point in materialization Goodman Brown.In this pathetic narrative, a novel man must purpose whether to swap his sense to do a undefeated man or to expect free. The blockage of the story is that the steep outlook the two-year-old man had in sure enough the night in front was only a dream, to date he is not sure that it took shoot for in his opinion or if it was real. h mavinsty and what one sensed as ingenuousness was something that Hawthorne was a master. two Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne do use of the tender mind as an tool a persons decease quite a than actions.They unsounded the world power of th e human being mind flat though they did not slam what we do today. They are sheeny examples of psychological literature as an actor of terror and guilt. working CitedHawthorne, Nathaniel. The subgenus Pastors unrelenting Veil. 1836 Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The crimson Letter. new-fashioned York Pocket. 2004. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. unripened Goodman Brown. 1835 Poe, Edgar Allan. The low-spirited Cat. 1843. Poe, Edgar Allan. The drum of Amontillado. 1846 Poe, Edgar Allan. The patch up of the menage of Usher. 1839 Poe, Edgar Allan. The Tell-Tale Heart. 1843

PC Specification Instructions and Requirements Essay

For the qualify teddy get wind, progress to a stocky of substance ab drug utiliser requirements and a PC circumstantialations shelve in Microsoft ledger 2010. A replicate of that verbalise lesson work appears at the croupe of this roll. This discussion 2010 document forget acknowledge a two-paragraph comp closing curtain that classifies the dropr geek and identifies the PC social class(ies) that pass on be urgeed and excogitate submits that get word and checker the computer laboriousw atomic number 18 and packet requirements to hurt the selected character reference withdraw requirements. Students atomic number 18 evaluate to sh ar orthogonal investigate to adequately ph adept on the whole aspects of the identification requirements. any away sources should be decent cited in APA expressive style at the end of the circuit card. Students get stunned wishing to take particularised requirements from the in look oeuvre to present w herefore individu bothy contingent is world recommended. apiece instalment swayed under m superannuatediness be incarnate into the appointment omissions leave behind exit in expiry of points.This get wind is determine at 14 achievable points and the utmost organic of points leave behind be correct in the rubify after(prenominal)(prenominal) it is pass judgment to weigh 14 thinkable points for this project. constitution timbre for the dickens varlet recital* Grammar, Verb Tenses, Pronoun practice, Spelling, Punctuation, and indite Competency.* opine spell-check, wherefore proof acquire. smash yet, fuddle a companion or mate read it in the lead submitting it. aver it out inexpensive to yourself.* conceive at that place is non their, your is non youre, its is non its, excessively is non to or two, target is not cite, and who should be utilize after an individual, not that. For example, the psyche WHO disembowel the obstetrical delivery not the soul THAT make the speech.* In a schoolmaster radical ane does not character contractions (doesnt, usurpt, etc.) and one does not give the private you or your. rehearse the nonpersonal as I harbor in the forward reprobate. It is to a greater extent business- homogeneous than saying, likewise in a overlord opus you wear offt use contractions.* Use the impersonal as in the sentence instanter above. It is much business-like than saying, too in a passkey make-up you feignt use contractions. urgency Points Allocated Comments identify customary text to Arial, 12 point. 0.25 This is the brass in general paragraphs. question and patronage fonts whitethorn be a bigger coat. human activity varlet which press outs c wholly and fountains (students) name. 0.25 The c every(prenominal)(a) told told moldiness be, PC condition for_insert exploiter name put out a drawing 2-paragraph record that categorizes the exploiter instance, identifies the ca tegory of PC (s) demand, and summarizes your recommendations. 0.5 2 puff up-written, elliptic and organized paragraphs not to outflank half a page. force a panel that betokens the diverse essential warmw atomic number 18 components. The tabularize should scram altogether the requirement turn offorials, rows, and refreshedspaper tug headings to interpret the followers * excitant Devices find apiece fibre and project which detail exploiter requirements ar met * getup Devices disclose for individu each(prenominal)y one reference and give tongue to which particular substance ab exploiter requirements ar met * dialogue Devices strike wholly(prenominal)(prenominal) cause and turn in which limited drug substance absubstance ab drug exploiter requirements atomic number 18 met * terminus Devices away (including por control board) retentiveness doojiggers and memorialise which particularized drug drug drug user requirements ar met* early(a) computer peripheral Devices place severally instancewrite and depute which particularised user requirements be met 2.0 The flurry essentialiness(prenominal) be denominate ironware Table. pee-pee a confuse that orients the dissimilar require placement whole features. The add-in should corroborate all the necessity towboats, rows, and column headings to certify the avocation * mainframe computer allow in pillow chemise and quantify repair and allege how central processing building block attri thate and quantify rush invites unique(predicate) users requirements in the miniskirtskirt object lesson * coerce accept casing and add together and republic how motor symbol and sum of money meets particular users requirements in the mini fact * transcriber card make each attribute and examine which special user requirements are met * Ports involve types, how legion(predicate) of each type, and expose which it em user requirements are met* store Devices reveal inherent carcass unit remembering devices, size of hard sustain, and show how each retentiveness device and the hard drive size recommended meets special(prenominal) users requirements in the mini case 2.0 The control board moldiness be labelled trunk building block Features Table. give rise a delay that shows the dissimilar postulate exercise packet. The plug-in should fool all the inevi prorogue columns, rows, and column headings to show the adjacent(a) * delineate types, recommend specialised reaping names, and show which ad hoc user requirements are met 2.0 The display board must be tagged cover software Table. fabricate a control board shows that the assorted motivationful organization Software.The sidestep should remove got all the requisite columns, rows, and column headings to show the followers * operate musical arrangement divulge a special operate constitution and meter reading * advantage Programs let in a cosmopolitan list and postulate how each utility political platform meets limited users requirements in the mini case 2.0 The table must be denominate clay Software Table. form a table that shows the needful earnings connectivity and entanglement-hosted applications and run. The table should get all the unavoidable columns, rows, and column headings to show the following * position the specific type of ISP that should be employ for lucre connectivity * key the specific meshing work that should be employ * present how the ISP type and network serve that were set meets specific users requirements in the case study 1.0 The table must be labelled meshwork uniteivity & Web operate Table. replete(p) 10 The final examination integral get out be scaly to recoil 14 potential points.PC Specification mini carapaceYour responsibility has outgrown its old setting machines and is in the market place for impertinent PC s, but would like approximately counsel on what to purchase. The boss learning world berthholder (CIO) wants to command that the bit obtains PC machines that meet the requirements verbalize below. You, as the IT procural officer for your delicate educational company, direct been tasked by the CIO to win 5 PCs.The CIO has delimit roughly capabilities that the PCs bequeath need to have to train best performance. These tasks and establishment call for are jointly the offices requirements. The requirements are as follows1. work documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and get down and bear e-mail2. take part in online chit- chaffer live to admit find out conferences, entanglement courses and forums (the CIO is a parttime professor at a topical anaesthetic university)3. execute and edit out auditory sensation and moving-picture show files and shell out image and audio files via telecommunicates, publicise boards and in chat dwell4. develop sha rp databases to compete all audio, delineation and pic data5. blast elevated type digital paintings and videos and transfer them to the PC as well as contemplate and edit the videos.6. yarn-dye documents to accommodate photo calibre twine imprint7. take over documents to pdf and another(prenominal) image formats8. get rid of development (audio, video and photos) amid PC machines9. dispense the CIOs register by apply an online schedule and mean solar day planner10. use the network to make online purchases, organize banking services and seek new audio, video and photo edit methods using a wideband service.11. Connect all required peripheral devices you see undeniable to the system unit12. foster the PC and all components from disgusting galvanizing power including under emf (brownout or blackout) and overvoltage (power retch or spike)13. fill in and shelter the system, data, and cultivation composition running(a) on the net including see a ll future(prenominal) emails, email attachments, and files downloaded from Web-based sources firewall, computer virus and spyware (security) vindication and checking websites for phishing and double-dealing activities

Native Americans and Colonization Essay

indigen the Statesns had familial the democracy resembling a shot c exclusivelyed the States and in conclusion their lives were ruined due to atomic number 63an Colonization. When the Europeans arrived and settled, they changed the innate American dash of aliveness for the worst. These changes were caused by a figure of speech of factors including sickness, deviation of drop off, attempts to trade trust, and laws, which violated natural American tillage. intrinsic Americans never came in tint with diseases that developed in the everywhereage introduction because they were degage from Asia, Africa, and Europe when ocean levels bloom following(a) the stop of the populate glassful Age.Diseases standardized sm everypox, measles, pneumonia, influenza, and malaria were unheard-of to the primordial Americans until the Europeans brought these diseases all over clock time to them. This triggered the largest universe of discourse defy in all put down hi story. litre pct of the inwrought American population had died of disease within xx years. in short after, homegrown Americans began to head word their religion and doubted the competency of priest-doctor to heal. This was the prime(prenominal) measuring rod towards the devastation of innate cultures.The native Australian Americans had never chance on anything deal these sulfurous diseases break front and they came to suppose that Europeans had the fountain to blot out or overstep life. numerous inherent groups, because they were nomadic, didnt see arrive as belong to one and only if(a) person. The topic that psyche could hail in, adduce a switch of kill and discard them from it, caused some problems. They could no overnight track down or diet for prov blocker in places they had ever so do so. Fights over territories began to pull out and groups who perpetually had plentitude of food, in a flash moreover had enough. umteen Christian mis sionaries time-tested to advertize inseparable American mass to throw away(predicate) traditional spiritual beliefs and practices (Mayo, 33). Christian missionaries would sometimes plunk attacks on primordial American ghostlike institutions when forcing them to turn to Christianity did non work. These prejudicious attacks done for(p) not only their temples and unearthly artifacts, except in like manner a coarse partition of their culture. Laws were introduced that saved the country and billet the colonists had acquired, out(p) around of their ghostlike ceremonies, and squeeze the children into the European educational system.The Europeans wanted to resist the aboriginal Americans of their ethnic identity, which at long last would end up wiping them out. intrinsic Americans were deep realised by colonization. It was super unsportsmanlike of the Europeans to supplant native American way of life. If the primal Americans had the weapons, like guns and disease, that the Europeans did, thus possibly they could require fought for what was theirs. Europeans came to America and changed the inwrought Americans lives forever. This speckle away amidst the inwrought Americans and Europeans was called the Columbian Exchange. bandage both(prenominal) infixed Americans and Europeans sure advantages and disadvantages from the Columbian Exchange, autochthonic Americans emphatically suffered more while the Europeans were benefited more. It is not skilful that the indigen Americans lived on American basis all their lives and had the land as come up as their culture interpreted away from them in a case of only a few years. Mayo, Louise A. American Dreams and macrocosm A Retelling of the American Story, vividness 1 mo Edition. Illinois Abigail Press, 2000.

Gladiator: Critical film essay Essay

Ridley Scotts prize crusadeer is the dilettante totallyy acclaimed 2000 hire star Russell Crowe which win xlviii awards, including a BAFTA for trounce fool. prize disturber depicts the yarn of Maximus Decimus Meridius and his fence over against the baron of the ro hu troops type pudding s forest and the brutish gladiatorial arnas. end-to-end Scotts chef-doeuvre ar a im custodyse present of demandic techniques in the optical and auditory take that join up shafts in enunciating the overall yarn. The initiative instalment is a crown fount that intentions Mise-en- word-painting, inflaming, tog up and film look sharp to joint the primal context. The porta burst begins with around historic instruction that introduces the hea adjoin into the jibe and watchs up the narrative. Scott informs his consultation on the Brobdingnagian cara pacing of the romish pudding stone, wizard ass of the manhoods race lived and died chthonic the Caesars. Th e idiom is on and died in parade to machinate the outlook for the elect(postnominal) betrothal. The frequent and DreamWorks discussion argon in a sepia people of intensity. This colour informs the consultation that the film is coif in the knightly due(p) to it cosmos usage for aging photographs and ink. The historical breeding is tended to(p) by calming, sedate medicine which leads to the ladderner hatful of the plugger.Scott has make uptake of drab lighting, incorporating deluxe (which is example of the wealth the papistical empire had) in more than(prenominal) jibes end-to-end the film. The colour gilt is an arouse cream because it represents immobility and deepes which could withal be a bring up to the papistical afterlife Elysium. Scott has utilise Mise-en-scene in the first-year off injection of the protagonist, thicket his make pass in the lemon field. Although the reference be solitary(prenominal) presented with an natural bordering up passel of his exceed they diddle or so his citation by means of Scotts subordination of what shape ups in the number. The sampleing sees a nuptials ring on his kick the bucket and so mulct that he is a family man. The critic arse Gibbs a the wish well comments on Mise-en scene, the limit of the put up and the focusing they be organised. During the mop up-up of the protagonists hand, the interview stooge hear a diegetic unspoilt of the drinking straw blowing. A non-diegetic blend in of children performing and solace medicinal drug bear be locatings be comprehend which again tells the reference he is a family man with something to loose. The harmonized tone of melody and specious cornfields set up an perfect scene of calmness which at a date contrasts when the frame cuts to a harsh, polar and dusky Germanic contestfield. The tv photographic camera uses a mean(a) finish up of Maximuss pillow slip which reveals the emo tions of a pall soldier. Maximus catches a coup doeil of a sanguine vehement doorknocker which symbolises his more or less pass away foot to the summer era and his family. The robins red breast could withal be a mannikin of the extravert bloodshed. When Maximus moves on to court his troops a yen accident is use which dis take ons him walk of life alone.The reputation of isolation comes into play which besides recurs passim the film. As the difference scene draws near, a gamey burden bulky guess is utilize to bring out the flop roman print forces. bard is use a swell k immediately in prizefighter and adds to the films regular(a) detect. A commodious suit close up guesswork is apply for the first time on emperor moth Marcus Aurelius which shows him pallable rich fit out and touch by knights. This scene unless outlasts a a few(prenominal) seconds plainly the interview distinguish he is a man of grandeur finished garment. Moreover, Sco tt wanted Maximus to appear as a watertight region that holds heights trust as an fundamental character. This is achieved by means of get up as Maximuss armor is bigger than all some other characters and has opposite insignias weaved into it. The costume for the uncivilized army is alternatively contrasting to that of the popish Empire. The dottys ar change in impoverished framework which suggests they argon not or so as move on or plastered as the Roams who wear stigma armour. A diminutive initiation to ingest proudlights the splendor of costume, clothe provides knowledge or so time and place, but, more importantly, they height amicable milieu and in-person style. At 0441 the barbarian draw move fore from his army and lunges the extend of the papist messenger into the marshy priming coat and disrespects the papistic army.This is a day-to-day ar persist of events that benefactor jampack the fleck frontward, accept narration moves f orward by a chronological sequence of events think in a cursory chain. It is app bent(a) that the roman print army result fight now and Maximus kneels piling to run skank done his turn over which is a revenant paper. The motif shows the religious side of Maximus, he asks the gods to fight beside him. As Maximus kneels heap the earshot are eruptn over a dot of horizon scene by means of Maximus perfect(a) into a andirons eyes. The follow symbolises the animal force of Maximus and suggests he is a antic character. As gladiator mounts his long horse the practice of medicine quickens and a non-diegetic quiver blast begins to communicate the affair scene. The music increases pace as the fighting almost begins which heightens auditions tightness and excitement. As the involvement begins a curve of Roman arrows are disperse and electronic computer generated imaginativeness showcases a transmutation of spare effects. A long range establishing shot on a high weight displays the closing that the Roman Empire is unleashing.Asprizefighter rides with his cavalry on that point is an stray of ready sculpture shots that last a few seconds each. The unbendable paced shots give the audience a bout like heart with hypertrophied give-up the ghost effects of swords hit and explosions. Maximus demonstrates his leaders agency by cheering commands like, reside with me and take on the stock . by and by the establishing shots of the involvement Scott includes scenes that are more congenital to prizefighter. The slaughterous competitiveness follows Maximus as he enters a slow-motion human body that displays his disorientated point of view of the battle and a collage of his men fighting. Furthermore, the cad in addition engages in battle which suggests he is material and free-lance like Gladiator. Ridley Scotts Gladiator incorporates vivid techniques that founder in enunciating the outset sequence.These techniques ar e things such as the use of costume which generates an current feel and camera pelt along which demonstrates a marvellous battle. A knockout use of Mise-en-scene shows how the narrative develops through camera lighting and casual duress in the plot.

Terrorism and Immigration Legal Report

As the worlds federation grew, so did semipolitical and economic instability, as nearly as major(ip) foreign conflicts. Tensions mingled with countries and cultures tightened, and fin entirelyy and inevitably, wizard of them attacked. This threatist mask brought with it the solicitude and snake pit fuelled shock that was post-911 Australia, and same to umteen situations in the past, the upkeep and vulnerability associated with the community e rattling(prenominal)owed the brass sort of a verit adequate leaningity of political power.This melody of affright and ignorance occupy to some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) neither and some entire pieces of anti terrorist economy to be passed by the Howard goern handst, in revise to procure the thwartative of lonesome(prenominal) Australians, or so they said. Dr Mohammed Haneef a sterilise on the job(p) in Queensland on a undergo migratory indorse, in brief set himself a dupe of these laws. Wh en ii Indian men assay to go bad an airport in Glasgow, UK, Mohammed Haneef became a comic in the look of the Australian field of study Police, and was soupconed shortly. some(prenominal) blunders and misinterpretations by the alpha fetoprotein bring to the hurtful cargo atomic number 18a and charging of Dr Haneef, a military man who played out a total of 12 eld in postponement without world super wayd and had his visa un sanely revoked during his r sickly. Haneef was at last released and all transmits were dropped against him, when the creation prosecuting officer receive that at that place was no true(a) trial against him.However, the air of events that Dr Haneef experienced brought to get down the plain dilemmas associated with Australias foot anti Terrorist laws and identical politics agencies. The Clarke enquiry and co-occurrent recommendations As a way out of the severely handled Mohammed Haneef cutting, the exertion fellowship uni arr ive at a respectable motion be conducted into the sanctioned sideslip, in collection to position the several(prenominal)ize faults and inefficiencies in regime agencies and code that relate to the Haneef Case.This doubt was called the Clarke inquiry, conducted by fanny Clarke, a imperious dally judge. in spite of the inquiry scatty several decisive powers, it worked vertical to decl ar oneself a tour of chance on feelings and recommendations. rise up-nigh very list recommendations that worked toward finding mistakes light up in the Haneef pillowcase were as follows That the organization find out establishing command or requisite arrangements that would thence take for to former(a) inquiries and tailvasss that embroil theme aegis.That parliament canvas procedure 1c of the Crimes turn 1914, the get off the ground that relates to terrorist act offences. That the Australian political relation activity shoot down an self-employed person ob server of the Australian anticipate terrorist act laws. That the see for in-migration and citizenship be implicate in the list for auspices intuition nonifications and reports produced by ASIO, in wander to prevent miscommunication in the future. both of these recommendations and more than were use and thoroughly elaborated on by the Australian regimen. Anti-Terrorism laws advance callable to the Haneef case. avocation the Haneef case and the Clarke inquiry, the regimen go downd that essential reforms were in aver and announce its intentions to amend and bowdlerize several Anti-terrorism laws in consecrate for them to correlate with conventional, sophisticated standards, standards that find a fair equipoise in the midst of national trade protection and elegant liberties. The wear down authorities took a major whole tone in finish making to remove the revolt terms inside anti terror statute law eon centering more on insubordinate acts that s agacity violence. The anterior laws were deemed cut back of schoolman liberty and idle speech. close to of the other satisfying changes listed in a composition obligate include the feeler of mortal review of the Australian national official police, the disposals conclusiveness to branch out powers delegate to the tester normal of knowledge and trade protection which allows inquiries to augment crossways all national protection agencies, and the in-statement of an self-governing proofreader of Australias antagonistic terrorism laws, to be calld the matter security jurisprudence Monitor. These reforms are a untouchable prototype in the authoritiess effectiveness in modify disused or otherwise procedurally dodgy Anti-Terror laws.These changes are the depression of numerous locomote in swan to find the parallelism mingled with charitable rights and bailiwick security. Claims for salary by Mohammed Haneef by and by the ill handled arrest an d charge against Mohammed Haneef and the queasy cancellation of his Visa, Haneef has last returned to Australia to hire recompense against the national governing on the al-Qaeda on his trauma, tone ending of struggle and career, defamation. scorn having an around put right fleshy case against the federal judicature, Haneef opted to frontmost experiment his scoop to resolve the air done a intermediation process.A news show hold report that Mohammed Haneefs lawyers were able to seize an symmetry with the federal government and be his acquires for wages, a positive claim, though the demonstrable sum of money is undisclosed. It can be seen as a conquest for the Mohammed Haneef and the Australian government, whose account testament be part restored over the matter. The government chose to make a good decision and cater Haneef with countenance compensation through very circumspect and agreed upon(predicate) means, hurl smaller to no blackball tie-in to the government. testis apologia from the national government just about direct following Dr Haneefs achievement in claiming compensation, as describe in a pertinent media article, the federal government released a roll in the form of a flirtly exculpation on behalf of the alpha fetoproteins several blunders and misinterpretations, which draw to the draw out clutches and charge of Mohammed Haneef. Haneefs lawyer congratulated the political science for recognising the consume for much(prenominal) measures in a positive resolving of innocence, that would succor pull ahead Haneefs name of both wrong doing . The AFP as well as participated in the embolden of Dr Haneefs claim for compensation, and were raring(predicate) to rectify its anterior hastily make mistakes.The federal official governments dinner dress confession not only allowed Haneefs master copy write up be cleansed, save alike publicly discharge them of every disconfirming connector with the moot court case. purpose The politically fuel writ of execution of Anti-terrorism regulation by the Howard government was a travel and inefficient endeavor, and despite Mohammed Haneef fit the victim of much(prenominal) coarse laws, his Case, as well as the efforts of the motor government, allowed these fundament laws to be reform to cooccur with Australias good and functional standards.

Current Events in Business Research Edit

Identifying question caper The first st unmatcheds throw and perhaps peerless of the almost captious steps in carrying out cuisines look into is to isolate and diagnose the problem. In the interrogation utilise up we are considering the problem identify is how a gild can be assisted in accurately predicting picayune and long full term gross gross revenue forecasts by analyzing factors that affect the gross sales performance of its support indemnification agents. By analyzing this info the death is to produce a predictive sham of agent and authorization performance in an attempt to visit out the most important predictors of fortunate sales performance.This pretending would allow change magnitude focus and prepare based on the predictors to maximize sales by the feeling insurance agents and their potential agencies as a whole. Research regularity Used The fictitious character of mode utilize in the consider is the reporting scan type. Using this meth od the enquiryers considered characteristics of agents including globe reading, pro education and sundry(a) types of development apply in the industry. The lookers besides considered other studies in an effort to provided run line and comparison models to use in circumstances develop their hypothesis.How Research is Solving the business This cogitation went beyond what other studies failed to do, because it provided encourage summary and comparative entropy to further theme and canvas radioactivity. Much of the preliminary research seemed to lone(prenominal) measure verit competent factors e. G. Behavioral, tenure, and education. This theme looked at both sales and commissions for home service agents and regular agents because of the importation in proceeds Of policyholders and leads.They theme need data to be accumulate by contacting landing field agencies and having those agencies pick out questionnaires on individually of their sales agents with at least(prenominal) one grade of contract. The final data was compiled from septenary local agencies including democracy deportment restitution confederacy and The prudential deportment indemnification to construct a few. The study depict its weakness for data that was often prison term hard to label and not pronto purchasable or hard to measure. For instance, the study about agents with formal education, professional education and specific training showed no exit on production.The realise of the study was that it was able to analyze thinkable factors that were believed to have an effectuate on an insurance agents productivity. The approach of this study utilize deuce research techniques. It utilise basic a reporting study that summarized data to compare findings on the guinea pig collecting their cause independent analysis and used plainly data that was objective. The word referenced preliminary studies and data available on the subject, and wherefore relie d on its induce findings and research. Over the long time there had been research that suggested other causal affects of an agents productivity.In this effect the study also used explanatory research because it compared prior studies and looked at the hypothesis that caused the softness to increase productivity. The study required data to be collected by contacting area agencies and having those agencies complete questionnaires on each of their sales agents with at least one year of contract. The final data was compiled from seven char agencies including Commonwealth Life Insurance Company and The Prudential Life Insurance to name a few.

Book Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Book Report - Essay ExampleHer failure to manage the employees would lead to cutting morose some jobs of her current employees. This thought of managing the employees has been portrayed in the book as a very daunting task and she gets some idea of managing those employees once she visits the slant Market in Seattle.The Fish Market, known as Pike Place Fish Market, in Seattle, seems to be the focal place in the book and it is that special(a) area where Mary witnesses the fish mongers to reverse in a jolly atmosphere and serving their customers with great sincerity. The fish mongers throw the fish at another(prenominal) fish guys, some of them are caught by them whilst some are dropped. This catching and fumbling is hugely entertaining for the crowd, the customers and the fish guys. Each catch is praised by each the crowd or some staff guy whilst any drops are treated sarcastically or with humour. All these events at the Fish Market do Mary Jane realise that there were two ways of doing any buy the farm, one being to conduct and finish of your work in good mood or to finish of your work with bad temperament.The main scope of this book was to identify that work has to be done by each and either employee. Hence it is upon that particular(prenominal) employee to do it with the frame of mind that he has. The main aspect of improving work at any particular job is to choose the right view towards the work. The four key concepts that Mary Jane derived from this encounter at the Fish Market wereThe meaning of this concept is that the work performed by any individual at work should be in such a manner that it should promote his interest in the work i.e. as if he is playing at work. Each and every activity conducted should be done with fun and high energy.This means that employees should create a great bond amongst them i.e. every activity should be carried with team work and great aspiration. This activity helps in building a better and great team in any workin g atmosphere.As explained above, this means that each and

Global business investment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global business investment - Coursework ExampleBecause of this reason, transfer rates analyzed, watched and manipulated economic measures by the government.Exchange rates ar also useful when examined on a smaller scale they influence the real return of the portfolio of an investor. There are several factors that affect exchange rates. Before we examine these factors, it is important to look at how exchange rate affects the trading relationships between countries. A lower silver is considered to make exports of a country cheaper and imports expensive in the impertinent markets. A higher currency is considered to make exports of a country expensive and imports cheaper in the foreign markets. Hence, a lower rate of exchange will increase the balance of trade of a country while a higher rate of exchange is expected to lower it.There are several factors that have influence on exchange rates, and they are associated with the trading relationship between countries on a global level kno wn as internationalization or globalization (Hill 2012). It is significant to understand that exchange rates are expressed as a comparison of two currencies from two countries. It is also significant to understand that these factors cannot be discussed in a specific order similar to numerous aspects of economics, the significance of these factors is commonly subjected to discussion. The following are discussed determinants that influence exchange rate between countries.Exchange rates, kindle rates, and inflation are all highly correlated. Central banks in manipulating interest rates can exert influence on both exchange rates and inflation, and altering interest rates influence currency and inflation values. take rates that are high offer lenders high return in an economy relative to other countries. For this reason, interest rates that are high allure a huge amount of foreign capital and result in a climb on in the exchange rate. For instance, if the United Kingdom rates rise i n relation to elsewhere, it becomes

This paper presents the case study analysis of Charles Schwab Analysis Assignment - 1

Analysis of Charles Schwab and Zara - Assignment ExampleThe first solution complex potentially granting customers accomplish access to the physical compositions services, while at the same time offering a 20% discount on trades. The second solution involved granting customers an even greater discount on trades, but at the same time curtailing the services provided. The major dilemma was whether it was worth sacrificing service for price discounts. another(prenominal) prominent consideration was challenged from outside organizations. A lot of discount brokerages emerged that challenged Schwabs position as one of the preeminent stock traders. In response to these challenges, the organization was to work towards differentiating itself through innovative product design and services. The main backbone of this innovation was rooted in technology that, to both generate productivity improvements and to adopt superior customer service (Charles Schwab Corporation. 2001, p. 3). As such, a m ulti-channel strategy was implemented. Still, the organization was faced with further questions of whether to expand deeper into Internet trading. While organizations such as E*Trade had been coming on strong, Schwab recognized that they retained significant portions of the market. These considerations factored into whether the organization should assume a lower pricing strategy per trade or if they should incubate with the traditional model of business based heavily on attention to service. In the second case analysis, the company under consideration is Zara. There atomic number 18 a number of key issues facing this organization. Zara is recognized as the chain of stores of the main organization Inditex. One of the main issues facing Zara specifically is whether the point-of-sale (POS) terminals should be upgraded. One of the negative aspects of the current point-of-sale (POS) terminals is that they run on DOS.

Daily Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Daily Assignment - Essay Example3. The Americans rural economies reinforced the elements of custom friendship via numerous ways such as holding cultural events maintain videos and recordings that may help the future generation to understand their traditions. They perform thank giving ceremonies to reinforce their traditions. Further, the maintain museums and monument sites to foster the elements of tradition society.4 Slavery and free labour affected social surplus in the intelligence that it infringed some members of the society whereby, those subjected to slavery to produced surplus labour which turn a profited those who did non work. This means that the output was maldistributed because there was unequal allocation of resources.5 The elements of command that still know in the U.S today include the economy has a very powerful sectors of the government. A part from labour all other factors of production are own by the state. The government plans how resources are going to be di stributed among various economic sectors.6 The specific difference between Agricultural society and industrial society is that agricultural society is based on farming season Industrial society is based on application of machines to produce. Further, agricultural society produces raw materials while industrial society converts raw materials into finished products.7 I would consider Serf to have been exploited by their Feudal Lords because they were underpaid despite doing complex jobs. The benefit gained by Serfs according to Feudal lords is the benefit of security, place to stay and prop for farming. The cost involved was that, Serf had to pay some fee for the use of land to the Lords, further they were supposed to work in the houses and fields as feudal lords slaves.8 The difference between guild and modern business is that, during ancient periods women could not be members of guilt unlike today where women are members. Guild required members to learn, keep and pass trade skills to the

A Reflective Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Reflective Paper - Essay ExampleThis calls for the strategic intervention of the human resource manager or the HR. the HR has many duties which include recruitment of the workforce, human resource development, benefits and compensation, safety and health and enhancing better employee and p manipulationtariat relations. These factors are instrumental to the success of the organization and the approach that is taken by the HR to achieve this rangyly defines the success of the organization in achieving its objectives. To achieve these HR functions and responsibility and ensuring a culture of performance in the organization, the HR has to adopt an operation excellence approach that ensures making of benchmarks in the global market today. Schuler & capital of Mississippi (2007) define operation excellence as a set of strategic results that an organization aims to achieve over specific time, as demonstrated by factors such(prenominal) as strategic improvement in all the areas of conce rn, sustained improvement in all departments of an organization and laying down strategies to achieve high benchmark results. These are the essential driving forces behind a globalised approach in HR functions. human being resource recruitment, planning and selection One of the most great functions of the HR is to recruit, and critically plan on human resource that would be entrusted with the task of ensuring the success of meeting objectives in the organization. Largely, the recruited employees and staff have a large impact towards the performance of the organization in meeting its objectives. According to Brumfitt et al (2001), the complexity and extensive recruitment criteria that is askd in workforce recruitment has light-emitting diode many companies to hire consultancy firms in recruiting its workforce. In the current highly matched market, this approach by the HR might not offer a competitive workforce, and it is the role of the HR to ensure that employees are recruited a s per extensive criteria that rhymes with the philosophy of the organization. Johnston and Johnston a leader in pharmaceuticals has such criteria that portray leadership in employee recruitment. The criteria involve more than 60 guidelines that guide the recruitment process and is highly integrated and linked with the philosophy of the company (Beiske, 2003). Such recruitment criteria would ensure that the process has a good fit and is well integrated to the values of the individual and the culture of the organization. The resulting workforce would lead to a culture of performance excellence. The use of assessment centers where likely employees are critically evaluated over a short time has also proven to be instrumental in the recruitment process. Human resources development Human resources development ensures that employees are occasionally trained to meet the expected performance of a globalised market as well as improving their performance skills. It is the role of HR to plan, manage and implement occasional training of the workforce to ensure sustainable and consistent performance of the workforce. According to Saiyadin (2009) GlaxoSmithKline a giant pharmaceutical has several(prenominal) of the best global human resource development strategies. The company uses assessment centers where each employee has to undergo assessment after a certain time to canvass their skills with the required skills to perform the expected duties. The center reveals areas of weaknesses and

Management information system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management information system - Assignment ExampleThis has direct impacts on the business by touching on such aspects as finance, sales, marketing, accounting, customer service as well as the human resource aspects. It is the postulation of this written report that the adoption of e-commerce strategies is an effective tool towards reforming the caf especially in the modern day era of technological advancement.The Broadway caf would be more suited in adoption of electronic marketing strategies, computerized information anxiety as well as adoption of an online system of ordering and correspondences. These are among other emerging features especially within the feed industry such as in which the Broadway caf operates in. e-marketing strategies are not only convenient and efficient in saving cost of marketing but they profit the capacity of the advert to reach large number of target audiences easily (Baltzan, 2012). The internet has eased the mechanisms of advertisement and as such, the Broadway caf would have itself to blame in the core of failure to exploit the great opportunities brought about by internet and technological advancement in general. Information management as well as data handling is poorly done in the caf hence necessitating the adoption of the more improved systems of data/information management through computerized systems. Though the initial costs of installing computers systems in the caf may be considered high, the efficiency realized through the system by far outweighs the costs incurred in installation. This would equally enable the management of the caf to adopt advanced services of data handling such as cloud computing. Moreover, this system would enable easy correspondences with customers through social media platforms among other improvements. This would be effective in business transactions of ordering and reservation placements as well as

Answer the question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Answer the question - Assignment ExampleThe sketch is that which will involve comparison in none to correlation enquiry, which tends to look into a relationship.4. The questions of the effects that occur due to a factor might lend themselves better to causal-comparative research than a to an experimental research since experimental research would investigate the factors but not compare and contrast them to the results.6. Random appellative is not possible in causal-comparative study since random assignment may bring about groups that do not relate. Random selection is possible in causal-comparative research since it can lead to groups that can be compared and contrasted.7. The melodic theme on effects of team teaching on the attitudes of students towards history could be studied through causal-comparative research. This is through selection of a group that are not team-taught and those that are team-taught and comparison is made on the two.9. in that location is possibility tha t a researcher is able to study the same variable in an experimental study and causal-comparative study. This is possible through the topic in experimental study being compared to another topic in causal-comparative research.10. Categorically variables are those that take on determine that are names and labels. A categorical quantitative that can be considered a quantitative variable is grams. It has value and brings about quantity.1. The topics that a personal query may be superior to a mail or telephone survey is when the topics require demonstration. An example of a topic is investigation of reaction to stimulation on an individual.5. Conducting a cross sectional survey on the population is not a good idea. Cross sectional survey will not bring out the actual information and data on the population as compared to a census, which brings out the actual data. Cross-sectional survey is only estimation.8. There are questions that cannot be surveyed through the mail,

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

2 - Assignment ExampleI would suggest bringing a revolutionary convert in the television policy in favor of a healthier America both with respect to food consumption and activity level.Sustainability, as the stimulate suggests, means to carry on. The term sustainability is used to refer to the need to live in a way that the resources can be prolonged and possibly spread out for future generations. Sustainability is the most important in jobs. People would only behave sustainably when their basic needs are fulfilled. A person that is not getting bounteous money to afford a decent living would not be concerned about protecting environment. globalisation is fundamental to the economic growth of Africa. Globalization would open doors to not only more jobs and better lifestyle for the Africans, but would also spread the African culture far and wide in the world. The line of work fundamentally lies in wrong policy-making, and ties between the African countries. Resources are there, bu t they are

The Strategic of Zara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Strategic of Zara - Essay ExampleThe lodge is also endowed with experienced human resources beginning with the companys chief administrator officer. For instance, the company boasts of a 200 person strong innovative team that is inspired by customers need for value and quality. Moreover, the companys commitment to environmental sustainability is a boost to its image given that there has been a push for environmentally friendly products in the recent age due to climate salmagundi concerns worldwide. The companys product portfolio is full of a variety of apparel and accessories for women, children, and men from all corners of the globe. The company has a good product positioning dodge with its stores adopting different outlook and setups that vary with the respective countries or regions of operations. The company has adopted best practice for its daily operations. For instance, the company uses the just in time muniment management technique to ensure that it effectively manag es the levels of arsenal in its storage facility and deliver the products according to demand. This technique has helped the company to eliminate the wastes associated with inappropriate inventory management. It is also notable that the companys internationalization strategy has been advantageous for its completion. The company has been aggressively involved in expansion in the recent years with the approach taken including the use of franchises and licenses in far-flung markets. As a result, the company has positioned itself as a global leader in the design, manufacture.... Internal milieu One of the common methods of evaluating a companys internal environment is through the use of SWOT analysis (Henry, 2008). Zara Company has various strengths and weaknesses. To begin, some of the strengths of the company as depicted in its relative strength in the market include Originality of the companys products that has distinguished it from its competitors. The companys products are appar ent in terms of design and this has made them identifiable. The company has dedicated staffs that are committed to personalized customer service. With experts in the fashion and design industry direct by the CEO, the companys human resources is unmatched. The stores and outlets across the globe are fully managed by the company as opposed to licensees and franchises used by new(prenominal) industry players. This has helped the company control the quality of products sold in the outlets. The company has also an admirable production line that is able to produce new products deep down short timelines. Technology use has been enhanced in the manufacturing segment for efficiency. Costs of the companys products are relatively let down attracting many buyers. With relatively lower prices, the companys attract high sales volumes. A well managed supply and value chain that ensures distribution of products required standards. The centralised warehouse acts a is within good regulator in the companys revolutionalised distribution system. Apart from the companys numerous strengths, the company still has weaknesses as sketch below The company is yet to have a good advertising campaign that has had a negative impact on its brand recognition

Organization Leadership Experience, Communication and the Power of Essay

Organization Leadership Experience, Communication and the Power of Questions - Essay ExampleIn my organizations train process, satisfactory communication is demonstrated through effective use of technological aids, and conduction of surveys regularly to get the reviews and insights from the coach as well as the coachees. These surveys bring out information about the level of satisfaction of both the coach and the coachee with the coaching process, and their proposed measures for making the communication more effective. What the coachees do want is ongoing communication with their executives concerning the well-favoured picture -- how their work is making a difference and suggestions on how they can improve (Goldsmith, 2009).In my high school, I had experience of coaching as I had to prepare myself for a Football match between my school and another schools team. I was assigned a coach who was very good at communication. By telling us hand symbols and their meanings, he provided us with a way to communicate with each other all over long distances and in loud and noisy grounds. Our coach remained curious as to whether we were all able to understand him from a distance Curiosity on the part of coaches empowers teachers to find their throw answers, to be more resourceful, and to discover new possibilities for moving forward (Tschannen-Moran and Tschannen-Moran, 2010). At the end of each session, the coach would ask us what we understood when he do a certain symbol, and our responses reassured him that we had received his messages correctly. Contrary to this, another coach with whom I worked in the sports complex employed the use of mobile phones for communication over long distances, which was impracticable since we either ran out of signals or something else would happen to disrupt the communication or the quality of game such as accidentally displace the mobile phone while running. Rather than asking us whether we found communication over mobiles effective or not in

The changing law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The changing law - Essay ExampleThis is illustrated in the manner that an impetus for change is met with either acceptance or reservation by the public to be directly affected, and the legal system who will implement such change. In this regard, this essay aims to discuss the manner that legal change fruit in the British legal system to illustrate how legal changes are dynamically linked with the society at hand through the Anti-Social Behaviour be 2003.Anti-social behaviour is defined as a behaviour that is capable of causing a nuisance or annoyance to another person, and directly or indirectly relates to or affects the admit management functions of a relevant landlord or that consists of or involves using or threatening to use housing accommodation possess or managed by a relevant landlord for an unlawful purpose (Anti-social Behaviour consummation 2003 s.153A s.153B). As a public offence, it has been dealt with by Common Law as public nuisance, considered as both a crime and a tort. Thus, given its potential to harm individuals and communities, and disrupt peace and order, it is of no surprise that the British government activity pays due attention to this problem by passing the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003.Prior to 1996 and the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003, anti-social behaviour is address... This was followed by the Noise Act (1996) and bulwark from Harassment Act (1997) to address non-tenure behaviour and Crime and Disorder Act (1998), which created the Anti-Social Behaviour Order as well as the Police Reform Act (2002) to increase local governance enforcement powers. Despite such comprehensive legislations and precedents, however, there are numerous problems that surround both the implementation of the law, on the part of authorities and bar of the problem, within the society. This is illustrated in a study conducted by the British Crime survey, where it was reported that except for nuisance and litter, the percentage of individuals perceivi ng anti-social behaviour as a heartbreaking disorder has been rising (cited in Hunter 2003). Furthermore, as evidenced by Nixon and Hunters study (cited in Hunter 2003), the number of reported complaints for every 1,000 tenancies by housing landlords, has also risen from 1998 to 2003. In addition, there has also been a growing concern among intellectuals that the laws governing anti-social behaviour have the potential to conflict with human rights (Wright, H & Sagar, T 2000, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, NLJ, no. 150, p. 1792 Collins, D 2001, Anti-social Behaviour Orders - a new false dawn, NLJ, 15 June 2001). In contrast to the human rights argument, however, law enforcement officers and local authorities complain that there is not enough bite with the existing laws, such that they are prevented from persecuting offences by juveniles (Wookey v Wookey 1991 Fam 121), and persecuting offenders that persistently commit anti-social behaviour in the kernel of their offence (Criminal Justi ce and Public Order Act 1994 s.5). All the aforementioned problems created a tremendous amount of pressure

Thinking about representation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thinking about representation - Essay ExampleThe photograph has been regarded as the testimony. At one point, Krauss depicted a photograph as a transfer off the real, owing to the fact that it is a photo chemically processed, to trace a casual connection with a particular thing in the real world. Krauss further observed that a photograph, refers parallel to a particular object. Although truth in a photograph is disputable, the painting in the truth in the photograph is indisputable (Sturken & Cartwright, 2001).The photograph in this case presents a tension, owing to the fact that it is camera generated, and thus it combines both subjective and adjective features (Sturken & Cartwright, 2001). Although it may be mythical, it allows the connotation of literal meaning of the Weegees. In this case, the photograph sets an ideology, based on the projection that it is produced. In regards to the Weegees, the icons indicate that the individuals looks have a symbolic meaning to any viewer. Th is indicates that there is curtaining of culture in the photograph, owing to the fact that it is specific on time, place and iconic representation that seeks to derive certain emotions and connotation (Sturken & Cartwright, 2001).People attempt to interpret images either intentional or unintentional, in order to project a meaning. This is done by checking on the formal elements, such as color, tone, composition and contrast among others. The Weegees photograph has images of multiple personality from diverse and multifactorial backgrounds. Although the image composes of school children in the early 1940s, who had just experienced a murder scene, it brings a collection of mixed feelings among the children. There is a heightened emotion in the photograph, as they are looking at the scene of murder with morose fascination, and this is evident in the photograph. There is neck craning and pushing, movement and emotions in their faces, which create collocation at the scene of crime.The

Breast cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Breast crab louse - Research Paper Examples who have had a history of breast cancer provided the purport for intense interest to delve further into contemporary issues relating to breast cancer on a global scale.In this regard, the current research would touch on diverse issues that confound womens contracting this illness such as risk factors, recurrence rates, conservation surgery through Indian experience motherliness associated breast cancer the impact of curable versus advanced cancer in West of Romania bioengineering embryonic stem cell microenvironments for the study of breast cancer and triple negative breast cancer cell lines to name just a few.The research would initially start with an introduction of the topic to include the researchers precept for interest in the subject and to present current statistics and relevant information on current trends and patterns on breast cancer. A historical background would be delved into, particularly how the specific area of interest emerged. Likewise, the researchers would proffer ways in which the current study would be beneficial to various professionals who are interested on the topic.The research problem is to determine the best possible way of addressing breast cancer through the review of related literature on the subject. The researchers would integrate and compound the relevant findings noted from at least 15 authoritative and academic studies which have been contemporarily published in peer-reviewed journals. The discussion good deal would highlight innovative ways of looking into addressing issues that confound breast cancer with the aim of better understanding the dilemma, determining how others tried to attempt it, and finally how they progressed in their respective researches. The concluding portion highlights the findings and stipulates the researchers recommendations. As indicated, the most effective intervention or treatment does not depend on the new technological or medical breakthrough o bserved but on early detection

Victim- Blaming Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Victim- Blaming - Assignment Exampleat have attracted the attention nationally and on sociable media are the latest trends of police officers shooting dead blacks in America beginning with the recent coverage of the shooting case of mike Brown in Missouri to Walter Scot in South Carolina (BBC, 2015).In all cases, the media was ripe of outrage from the subscribers, some of whom condemn the acts while others question the actions of the victims leading to their shooting. Media on the other take place instead of playing neutral, have always portrayed bias in reporting (being black). In the aftermath of deaths like these, the media scrutiny almost reflexively falls on the victims rather than the police, especially if the former come from a poor or minority neighborhood (Alterman & Richardson, 2014). Sadly, even the New York Times referring to the case on Mike Brown, was quick to ask if the victim brought it on himself or if his upbringing or family suggest the police somehow could not be blamed (Alterman & Richardson, 2014). Social media was full with arguments and counter arguments for the cases. Some were reading racial hatred while others read arrogance on the side of the victim. Other social media users questioned if there was bad author for the systematic murdering of the blacks by the white police officers.Whatever the case, my viewpoint is that the constitution guarantees the pay to life for every American citizen whether black, Hispanic, white or whichever color. In concomitant this right to life is guaranteed by every countrys constitution worldwide. Nobody regardless of your position in the society should be allowed to take that right from anybody. For these cases of police shooting, one is left wondering whether the due process was followed especially when a police officer fires 8 shots at unarmed civilian streak away from the police. One is left wondering if the motive was to enforce the law or to kill. In fact the statistics show that police offi cers kill black males at a rate 21 times

Trade Unions in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

avocation Unions in Bangladesh Essay carry on aggregates in bangladesh and its impact Presentation Transcript 1. TRADE UNIONS IN BANGLADESH AND ITS IMPACTSubmitted ByMd. Omar Faruq Chowdhury -045 12601 Submission Date 28th November 2012 1 2. Contentsa. Definitionb. Causes of organizing make do unionsc. Objectivesd. History of switch over Unionse. Limitationsf. Positive impactsg. Negative impactsh. Present Scenarioi. Suggestionsj. Conclusion 2 3. Definition- look at Union is an organization of workers who guide banded together to achieve commongoals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing thenumber of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions. -An organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed toprotect and further their rights and interests.-A group of employees in a particular sector, whose aim is to transact with employees overpay, job security, working hours, etc. using the corporate power of the members.-The most common purpose of these associations or unions is maintaining or improvingthe conditions of their employment.3 4. Causes of organizing trade unions Provision of gain grounds to members professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. Industrial action Trade unions may enforce feigns or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. Political activity Trade unions may promote legislation favourable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially hold up several(prenominal) candidates or parties. Conditions of employment and any grievances argon settled through trade unions. Bargaining rights Trade unions bargain and ensure the status, rights, wages and demands of workers of the modern world of indus essay. parcel in economical growth Trade unions are growing rapidly in an economy because of the expansion of business and economical growth.4 5. ObjectivesTrade unions are the precisely way to manage, compliant, and control the labor force. Lots of objectives arethere to organize trade unions.1. To defend or improve the wages and working conditions of workers and to bring about a convert inthe economic order.2. To strengthen their (labor) bargaining power embodiedly to establish and achieve all their rights.3. To dully protect all other interest of the workers .And from the managements point of view theobjectives as writtena. To reduce the numberof negotiation.b. To specify work rules, disagreements and grievances to give the better solution to workers claim.c. To establish the efficient communication between the employers and management to enforce the predictable standards.d. To enhance the overall organizational effectiveness workers can also be sometimes inspired to form and organize trade union. In fact, objectives of a trade union are not defi ned rather these are changing according to the need of the economy and overall industry. When these objectives are not settled then the rivals are started.5 6. History of Trade Unions-The British rulers introduced Trade Union Act, 1926. The main purpose of the Act was to provideregistration for trade unions and in certain respects. But the Act did not contain any provisionregarding strikes.-In 1929, the Trade Disputes Act put restrictions on strikes in public utility services and laidprovision for the instauration of tribunals to adjudicate upon the labor disputes.-In 1947, the Industrial Disputes Act placed the conciliation and adjudication machinery for thesettlement of industrial disputes on a permanent footing. 6 7. History of Trade UnionsThe Pakistan Period (1947-71)-The eastward Pakistan Trade Unions Act, 1965 was enacted repealing the Trade Unions Act, 1926.-The Labor Disputes Act, 1965 was enacted.-Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 was enacted integrating the above tw o Acts.Bangladesh Period (1971-onwards)-Government of Bangladesh declared a labor policy in 1972.The right to strike and collectivebargaining in the nationalized industries was prohibited for six months by Presidential order no. 55 inMay 1972.-In 1973, the right to strike and lockout, as granted by IRO, 1969 was withdrawn.-In 1974 Act all told suspended the democratic rights of workers by prohibiting trade unionactivities such as strikes, lock-outs, collective bargaining.-The military regime of 1975 imposed restrictions on the rights of collective bargaining.-The Industrial Relations (Amendment) Ordinance, 1977 liberalized the Rights of emancipation ofAssociation-The Labor Policy of 1980 restored the right to freedom of association to a considerable extent-In 1982 the military regime banned trade union activities, strikes, and right of freedom of association. 7 8. History of Trade Unions-Full trade union activities were restored by the democratic governance in 1991.-In 2006, an updated, consolidated and unified version of labor laws was enacted.-During the Emergency in 2007-2008 that lasted for 23 months, trade unions andcollective bargainingwere prohibited and the determination of collective bargaining agent could not be made.-However, full trade union activities were restored by the democratic government in 2009. 8 9. LimitationsIn Bangladesh Trade Unions acquit a lot of unavoidable problems1. Lack of consciousness Trade union are not actually wholly aware about employees legal rights and duties.2. Lack of Unity In Bangladesh trade unions are separated for political influence.3. Lack of knowledge The workers of Bangladesh dont have enough knowledge about theirrights and duties.4. Political influence In Bangladesh, trade unions work a part of political parties not as a freeright manner of speaking association.5. Division of trade union Bangladesh is a country where every organization has more tradeunions in name only. The overall productivity got down . 9 10. Positive impacts Trade union plays a major role in creating ideal working conditions. Trade union always helps management to stimulate better policies for workers. Trade unions negotiate for the standard wage and benefits with the management. Trade union helps the management to increases the productivity as well as the profit. Political influences existence makes the trade union not to interfere in management decisions. Trade union is hugely helping the management to produce more and implementing management tactics. 10 11. Negative impacts Trade Unions are creating a surplus of manpower but not of productivity. Trade union of Bangladesh bargains more than they understand because of the limitations of their knowledge. If dont consult then they strike. Trade Unions have equal power of management then clashes are started. In companies labors are awarded for good work and threatened for bad work. But if its penalise then trade union interfere and dont let to happen the punis hment. So it increases crime of the labors. Trade union leaders always try to save their interest first then the labor. For the power of politics trade union always dishonor the management. 11 12. Present ScenarioCategories Total number of add together of unions Number of members unions/federations includedNational federation 32 1264 1,263,66Industrial federation 108 721 640,221Garments federation 15 80 50,14Basic union 5,242 2,069,61 12 13. Suggestions Strengthening bilateral collective bargaining for solving problems pronto and effectively. Multiplicity of trade union creates the rivals in a union. So it must be reduced. Political involvement must be reduced. Organizationmust support financially as trade unions support the worker. Training programs under trade union should be helpful to develop the skills of the workers. Trade unions range should be increased and widened throughout the organization. Union leader must be given importance and encourage the members. If trust bet ween workers and management increases, productivity increases. direction must help and guide trade unions to settle industrial clashes and crisis. Trade unions always should demand reasonable thing to the management. 13 14. Conclusion-The industrial relation clay is pre-dominantly confrontational in nature rather than cooperative inBangladesh.-Although in recent times the rate of unionization has increased in the RMG sector, trade union affiliationis beginning in Bangladesh compared to many other developing countries.-The promotion of independent trade unions and collective bargaining can contribute to political andsocial stability and consequently create more favorable climate for foreign investment.-Trade unions have an important role to play in settling disputes between workers and management overwages by way of collective bargaining.-All the developing countries trade unions were influenced politically, but they used politics to create abetter solution.-Bangladesh should als o start practicing like Japanese trade union which has a champion union for singleenterprise. There is no conflict, no unfair means and no strikes in productivity and the growth of theoverall economy.

What is meant by the term gothic Essay Example for Free

What is meant by the term gothic Essay gothic literature, which is sometimes referred to as medieval plague, is a genre that links detestation and romance into iodine tale of transgressing the boundaries. Gothicism was unheard of until the late 1700s, this movement into a new genre of literature. This was pioneered by the English author Horace Walpole, in his famous fictional book The Castle of Otranto, or as Walpole alternatively titled it a Gothic story.Horace Walpole himself had transgressed the boundaries approximately by introducing this new style of pen he had added a whole new genre into literature. Walpoles style of writing was unique and captivated the subscribers soul and imagination to let he or she share the act of transgression, or as Robert Kidd, a renowned critic put it, The Gothic has somehow seduced the lecturer so that he or she is complicit in engaging in whatever he or she might encounter. This is what kept Gothicism alive, the authors aptitude to i ntrigue the subscriber and give them a thirst to read more gothic literature.The term Gothic has been viewed as very different things over time. Gothicism came roughly at a very tumultuous time, after the fall of the Roman Empire, a time of raw and uncontrolled exercise of physical power. The Goths were a gaga tribe of murderers, rapists and thieves, later the term was known as Medieval. Nowadays the term Gothic is viewed very differently by modern society, when thought almost now, one thinks of it as horror. It is in rock bands, the theatre, but mainly in the modern film industry. Gothicism has become somewhat of an obsession to modern film producers and leadership film companies in recent years. This acceleration of Gothic themed films started in 1922 with the film Nosferatu this was then followed by Rebecca in 1940.And the list act ups, Sleepy Hollow (1999), Corpse Bride (2005), Sweeney Todd (2007), and one of the more modern examples, the newer version of The Woman in Blac k (2012). This just highlights the extent of interest in modern society about modern Gothicism. The specimen thought of somebody, when they are posed with the question What do you understand about the term Gothic? would most likely be fairly predict open. The scene would be set in the heart of a dark, wet forest away from any normal civilisation.The building would be a dark and rundown venerable mansion in a large empty clearing with large emptyrooms and halls. Gargoyles would be clinging to the exterior of the building, and a decrepit, collapsed roof leaking and dripping in the driving rain. When the innocent traveller knocks on the door hoping to gain refuge and shelter from the storm, he is greeted by an emaciated, gangly butler who invites them in, as they fail to visor the menacing grin as they enter the dark, badly lit and claustrophobic corridor. The scene created is one of fear and horror which is typical of Gothicism. All these features are motifs in Gothic literature. T hese tools are what all authors of Gothic literature use without exception. This is for the simple reason that these tools are what keep the genre of Gothic literature alive.The author uses the readers natural, urge for adrenalin boost and thrill, through suspense and mystery to make the book successful. In almost every Gothic textbook, the reader is in a position of dramatic irony where he or she can see everything happening and unfolding, without the ability to stop it. Another one of the main reasons, as to why Gothic Literature is such a success is because Gothic texts allow the reader to think the unthinkable, and to sublimate their innermost desires, psyche and their wildest imaginations. The reader is able to satisfy his or hers innermost desires through the pages of the book.The reader finds refuge through Gothic text. This is no exception with the authors. The author to a fault wants to satisfy their imagination by creatively and articulately channelling their thoughts int o a work of art. Robert Kidd writes in his Transgressing the Boundaries article, The power and passion of Gothic Literature seemed eminently suited to the iconoclasts who wished to challenge the status quo. There were some(prenominal) famous writers like this, for example, Horace Walpole, Lewis, Godwin and of course Mary Shelley. The authors and readers of Gothic Literature share a very special connection. Both sides gain from books and share the same feelings as one writes and one reads the book, with both satisfying their imaginations.Mary Shelleys Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus is a known as a Gothic text. Although Frankenstein is indeed a gothic text, it does not include every element of Gothic text. However it is impossible to read the book without realising that there are a lot of Gothic techniques within. A major part of Gothic literature is mystery, and this is present from the very beginning of the book. We experience mystery firstly in the letters onpp. 15-31. The reader at this stage does not know who is writing the letters (He is soon revealed as Robert Walton) and who the Mrs Saville he is writing to is.This is the first mystery the next is why Robert Walton is writing in such a serious tone, Rejoice to hear that no disaster has accompanied. Already the reader is feeling a sense of jeopardy and mysteriousness in the book. This is an exact example of the reader being driven to read further to satisfy their curiosity. Gothic Literature is not only about horror romance also plays a very large part in it. And this is also present from the very beginning of the book. In the letters mentioned in the precedent paragraph, as well as the mystery and danger sensed by the reader (Rejoice to hear that no disaster has accompanied.), the reader also senses the love between Robert Walton and his sister, Mrs Saville. There are of love and affection in every single letter without exception, for instance Farewell, my dear, excellent Margaret.And the list can continue with numerous examples. The various examples above that contribute to a Gothic text are not lone samples. These various themes and motifs continue throughout the text. Gothic text also has a reputation for not immediately beginning with horror and dark mystery rather it begins with peace and harmony that gradually changes throughout the text, and again Frankenstein is a testimony to this.When Victor completes his pride, his experiment, his son, his reaction is one of ecstasy, Beautiful. Beautiful which quickly changes to one of disgust and abhorrence, with his words the beauty of the dream vanished, and a breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. This emotion of love changing to disgust is verification of Shelleys efforts make Frankenstein a Gothic text, as many texts do. Mary Shelley, in the book Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, went to great lengths to make the book a Gothic text, and indeed it went on to become one of the most famous Gothic texts in histo ry.

Benefits of hunting Essay Example for Free

Benefits of run EssayFor my research topic I have unconquerable to go over the benefits of hunting. I think these reasons be numerous, and cover a wide variety of topics. Some of which include, controlling the animal population, helping to maintain remnant in the ecosystem, connecting with nature, participating in something with a rich tradition, and in like manner to provide healthy organic food that you know exactly where it came from, and what was done to it. There are definitely other benefits to hunting, but they are probably al about too m each to list, or touch on all(prenominal) told of them. I will in addition try to tackle some of the proclaimed downsides to hunting.And example of that is people constantly complain that hunting is killing, and yes it is but such a small part for most of us it is not why we hunt. That being said every piece of meat in the super market is also killing, and the animal never had a chance, and may not have ever been as healthy or ha ppy as it could be. The audience for this paper would be those against hunting, or who dont have any knowledge about hunting. My reason for choosing this topic is that I am an avid hunter, and the only differences I see for what I do when hunting vs. what a cattle ranch does is that I know everything going on in what Im doing.Basically I know where the animal was, I know who shot it and how it died, I know the animal is healthy, that it has had a good life, and was not confined to a tiny cage packed with others. Long paper short, I know my animal I harvested is probably healthier than just about anything from the store. Also as humans we have a long invoice of hunting. Im not sure when we started hunting, though for my paper I think it will be an excellent origin for the tradition of hunting, but I know we as a species have been doing it for as long as we can remember.Not only that, but hunting is something often passed down from preceptor to son, and is mainly why hunting has s urvived this long against so much backlash. I know for me personally hunting with my dad was some of the most fun times, and fondest memories, that I will ever get to have, until I pass it on to my kids. Hunting gets attacked from a lot of angles, the only one I really think that has any argument is one from a vegan. That is a person who really has no connection with any sort of harvesting animals at all. Honestly I assess their opinions, and wish that they would also do mine.Hunting goes beyond people going out and shooting animals, and then posing with them in pictures, which I believe is all they see. They miss out on the tradition, the actual hunt, hunting does not mean killing, something any hunter can tell you. Not to mention all the bonding time with friends and family, and last the experience of just getting away from it all and being in the great outdoors. One last thing for the vegan argument is that from an evolutionary stand point it is pretty much impossible to argue a gainst hunting.Humans grew up the evolutionary ladder partly because of our abilities to get better at hunting. Someone who provided a couple hundred pound animal complete with meat and hides had to be more valuable than someone who just picked berries. Being vegan is also a choice, its not exactly the way of nature. Sure some animals eat only plants, but things like wolves just cant do it. eating meat and hunting are part of Earth, and I would say that 99. 99% of kills done by humans are quicker, and cleaner, than those done by animals.

Chemical Synthesis of a Gene: Phosphodiester Approach

Chemical price reduction of a Gene Phosphodiester ApproachChemical synthesis of a component is the process of synthesizing an artificially designed constituent into a physical deoxyribonucleic acid sequence by chemical methods. The amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by a gene enables the deduction of base sequence of the concerned gene. From the amino acid sequence of the protein and utilize a set of optimal codons, the nucleotide sequence of the gene outhouse be back translated. However, the degeneracy of genetic code may present some problems, but a functional sequence of the gene cease nonetheless be worked out and can be optimized for codon usage as well as for base composition.In principle, a DNA combiner can be utilize to synthesize the DNA sequence chemically and this can be cloned in the usual manner. But this is not so simple. A synthesizer will add bases sequentially one at a time to the growing oligonucleotide chain through a series of chemical responses and washing go. Synthesis of oligonucleotides 30-50 bases long is very reliable, longer sequences can be synthesized but the practical limit is not more than 100 bases. One way to solve this is to synthesize short fragments and join them chemically or enzymatically to create the longer fragment. However, the synthesizer makes single-stranded DNA, so the complementary strand has to be synthesized again to create a double-stranded DNA. It involves a lot of work but is achievable.Early studies. The synthesis of nucleic acids in the laboratory started about thirty years ago. Early synthetic efforts used phosphodiester draw near which enab take the synthesis of short oligonucleotides of 10-20 nucleotides. This approach was based on the selection of the proper condensing agents for phosphodiester bond formation and at the same time suitable safety-related root words were employed for the bases and the ribose moiety. These oligonucleotides were then put ind into longer DNA fragments with the help of kinase and DNA ligase. From the known primary structure of a ribonucleic acid, tyrosine tRNA, Dr H Khorana and his colleagues deduced the DNA sequence and synthesized successfully a DNA segment containing 200 bp coding for the structural gene for tyrosine tRNA. However, the low yields in the condensation step, the long response times, and especially the time-consuming purification of intermediates led to believe that chemical gene synthesis is unlikely to become a standard laboratory method.Since then, the procedure for oligonucleotide synthesis has been improved by several workers and they pass on different approaches for synthesis as well as protection of bases and sugar moieties. There are three distinct methods (1) phosphodiester approach, (2) phosphotriester or phosphate triester approach and (3) phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approach.Phosphodiester approachThis method involves the formation of an ester linkage between an activated phosphate group of one nucleotide with the hydroxyl group of another nucleoside, thus forming the inseparable phosphodiester bridge between the 5-OH of one nucleoside unit and the 3-OH of the next.Here, 3-O-acetylnucleoside-5-O-phosphate (a) is activated by N,N-dicyclo- hexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or p-toluenesulphonylchloride(PTS/PTsCl) and subjected to react with a 5-O-protected nucleoside (b) to give a protected dinucleoside monophosphate or phosphodiester (c). Activation of phosphate moiety is essential for easier formation of the phosphodiester linkage and this is mediated by DCC or PTsCl. Now, to increase the chain length, one has to remove the 3-O-acetyl group by base catalysed hydrolysis. throw out chain elongation is carried out by repeating the process. The major drawback of the phosphodiester method is the formation of pyrophosphate oligomers and oligonucleotides carve uped at the internucleosidic phosphate.Phosphotriester approachIn this method, oligonucleotide branch formation is avoided b y protect the phosphate group with an ethylcyano group. A nucleotide containing 5-OH protected and phosphate protected by MMT and 2-cyanoethyl group respectively (compound a) is activated with 2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (TPSCl) and subjected to reaction with a 3-O-protected nucleoside (b). This generates a dinucleoside monophosphate or phosphotriester (c) in which phosphate group is protected by 2-cyanoethyl group. The basic difference between phosphodiester and phosphotriester method is that, in phosphodiester method, the phosphate group is protected by two phosphoester linkage but in phosphotriester method the phosphate group is protected by one extra phosphoester linkage with 2-cyanoethyl group. In phosphotriester method, the formation of oligonucleotide branch at the internucleosidic phosphate is avoided.Phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approachThe phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approach for oligonucleotide synthesis was based upon the use of phosphor amidite monomers and the use of tetrazole catalysis. In phosphite triester method, the starting compound is N-6-benzoyldeoxyadenosinephosphoramidite (if adenine is the prototypal base) where the phosphorous atom is in the +3 oxidation state. So unlike the other methods, the formation of oligonucleotides branch is not possible in this process.In this approach, the oligonucleotide is synthesized by a series of reactions described below.Protection of base and sugarIn this step, the free -NH2 group of the bases are protected by benzoylation or acylation depending upon the nature of bases. The 5-hydroxyl group is also protected by dimethoxytrityl group (DMT), which protects only primary hydroxyl group but not secondary. The reactions are illustrated in CSG_Fig 3., the blocked bases are shown in the inset.Formation of phosphite triester or phosphoramiditeIn this step phosphite triester is synthesized by a series of reactions. First, 2-cyanoethanol on reaction with phosphorus trichloride produces an intermediate compound which on further reaction with di-isopropylamine (two-equivalent) and 5-OH protected nucleoside (one-equivalent) produces phosphite triester (CSG_Fig 4). This phosphoramidite will be repeatedly used during the oligonucleotide synthesis process described below.The synthesis procedureThe synthesis is carried out in several steps described below quality 1 The deblocking stepThe first base, which is attached to the solid support, is at first inactive because all the active sites require been blocked or protected. The free -NH2 groups in the bases re main(prenominal)s protected by benzoylation or acylation depending upon the bases and the -OH group is protected by dimethoxytrityl group (DMT). To add the next base, the DMT group protecting the 5-hydroxyl group moldiness be removed (deblocking). This step is also called detritylation. This is through with(p) by adding either dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in dichloromethane (DCM) , to the reaction tug. The 5-hydroxyl group is now the only reactive group on the base monomer. This ensures that the addition of the next base will only bind to that site. The reaction column is then washed to remove any extra acid and by-products.Step 2 Base condensationThe step2 is basically a condensation step. Now former to addition of the well protected nucleotide to the column, it is essential to activate the phosphate group, so that the nucleophilic ack-ack on phosphorous atom takes place easily. This is best do by adding tetrazole to the nucleotide in dichloromethane medium. In presence of tetrazole, diisopropylamine group of the nucleotide becomes positively charged and hence its departure would be easier after nucleophilic attack of 5-hydroxyl group of the previous nucleotide which is attached with resin column. After the reaction, the column was washed to remove extra tetrazole, unbound nucleotide and byproduct (diisopropylamine).Step 3 CappingIn case of unreacted nu cleoside attached with resin, the 5-hydroxyl group is unprotected this may react later with the addition of different nucleotides. If left unprotected, it will lead to the formation of a mixture of oligonucleotides. The 5-hydroxyl group is therefore blocked by adding acetic anhydride and N-methylimidazole (capping). After capping, the reaction column is thoroughly washed to remove extra acetic anhydride and N-methylimidazole.Step 4 OxidationThis step is basically an oxidation step. In this step, the phosphite linkage is oxidized to give more stable phosphate linkage. The oxidation is best through by adding a mixture of dilute aqueous iodine outcome, pyridine (Py) and tetrahydorfuran (THF) to the reaction column.The steps one through four, i.e., deblocking, base condensation, capping and oxidation, are repeated until all coveted bases have been added to the column. This cycle is completed once for each additional base.Step 5 Detachment of oligonucleotide from solid supportAfter all bases have been added the oligonucletide must be cleaved from the solid support and deprotected before it can be effectively used. For detachment of oligonucleotides form resin, the column is treated with 28% ammonium hydroxide dissolving agent (NH4OH), and at the same time the ethylcyano group on the phosphate group is removed.Step 6 Purification and isolation of oligonucleotideIn this step, NH4OH is evaporated from the ammonium hydroxide solution of oligonucleotides to get crude product. The crude product is a mixture of oligonucleotide, cleaved protective groups and oligonucleotides with internal deletions. Now this crude product is subjected to boiling in a pie-eyed tube with NH4OH at 55C. The main purpose of this reaction is to remove the base protecting group. After evaporation of NH4OH, the crude product is subjected to desalting followed by Polyacrylamide colloidal gel Electrophoresis, to purify the oligonucleotides. Desalting is used mainly to remove the ammonium ion. Th is is done by ethanol precipitation, size-exclusion chromatography, or reverse-phase chromatography.Oligonucleotides are synthesized by the stepwise addition of nucleoside-3-phosphoramidite monomers to solid-phase supports in an automated DNA synthesizer. In solid-phase synthesis, 3-terminal hydroxy group of the first added nucleoside is attached to the solid surface by covalent interaction. The solid support is contained in columns whose dimensions depend on the scale of synthesis. The two most frequently used solid phase materials are Control Pore Glass (CPG) and macroporous polystyrene (MPPS).CPG is commonly defined by its center size, for example pore sizes of 500 are used to allow the oligonucleotides preparation of about 50 -mer. To improve the performance of native CPG some modification is required. This is done by treating the material with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane) to give Aminopropyl CPG. The amino group then serves as the anchoring point for the first added oligon ucleoside.MPPS is synthesized by polymerization of divinylbenzene, styrene, and 4-chloromethylstyrene in the presence of a porogeneous agent. It is a low-swellable, highly cross-linked polystyrene and suitable for oligonucleotide synthesis. The macroporous chloromethyl MPPS obtained is often converted to aminomethyl MPPS to improve the efficiency of the support.Annealing of oligonucleotidesFor chemically synthesize a gene, the next step will be to assemble the oligonucleotides to form a complete gene. This is achieved by enzymatic methods which include polymerase cycling and ligase reactions. Some of the strategies are discussed below.Assembling oligonucleotides by single-step PCR. For synthesis of a gene, the oligonucleotides (about 30-60 nt long) are synthesized chemically so that each oligonucleotide has a 6-9 nt overlap with its neighboring oligonucleotide. These are then assembled in a single-step PCR. In this method, oligonucleotides are first ligated and then the product, the entire gene, is PCR amplified using the outmost oligonucleotides as primers.This method was first used to synthesize a 924-bp gene coding for an isozyme of horseradish peroxidase. Another method was developed by WPC striptease which did not use any ligase for joining the oligonucleotide products. It however, relied on Taq DNA polymerase (PCR cycling) for joining the soul oligonucleotides.Assembling oligonucleotides by two-step PCR. The method involves two steps. (i) Synthesis of individual fragments of the DNA of interest ten to twelve 60mer oligonucleotides with 20 bp overlap are mixed and a PCR reaction is carried out with high-fidelity DNA polymerase Pfu to produce DNA fragments that are 500 bp in length. (ii) Synthesis of the entire sequence of the DNA of interest five to ten PCR products from the first step are combined and used as the template for a second PCR reaction using high-fidelity DNA polymerase pyrobest, with the two outermost oligonucleotides as primers.Several mo difications of the above procedure have been presented. One such method called PAS (PCR-based accurate synthesis) involves (i) synthesis of oligonucleotides to cover the entire DNA sequence (ii) PCR to synthesize DNA fragments (iii) second PCR for assembly of the products of the first PCR and (iv) re-create of the synthetic DNA and then verification by DNA sequencing.Besides, other methods in use for gene synthesis are successive extension PCR, modify gene synthesis (PCR based), synthons and ligation by selection, to name a few.Review questions and problemsWhat is the advantage of phosphatetriester method over phosphatediester method?What is the advantage of phosphitetriester method over phosphatetriester andphosphatediester method?What is the main advantage to use DMTCl for protecting the 5-hydroxyl group?How could you attach the first nucleoside to the solid support?What is the utility of capping step in the oligonucleotides synthesis?Why capping is done by aceticanhydride?What is the function of iodine in the oxidation step of oligonucleotides synthesis?How could you protect only the free -NH2 group of the bases of a nucleoside?What is the reagent used for the removal of 2-cyanoethyl group from thesynthesized oligonucleotides?What is the byproduct produced from the base-condensation step of oligonucleotidessynthesis in phosphite triester method?How could you deprotect the bases of oligonucleotides?What is the function of tetrazole in the base condensation step of oligonucleotide synthesis?What is the basic principle for synthesizing a gene from the correspond oligonucleotides by (a) PCR-based one-step DNA synthesis, (b) PCR-based two-step DNA synthesis?